(** * Fibonacci Copyright INRIA (2014) Marelle Team (Jose Grimm). *) (* $Id: fibm.v,v 1.18 2016/01/04 11:55:48 grimm Exp $ *) Require Import ssreflect ssrfun ssrbool eqtype ssrnat seq path fintype. Require Import div bigop binomial prime finset ssralg ssrnum ssrint. Set Implicit Arguments. Unset Strict Implicit. (** ** Additional lemmas *) (* Comparison *) Lemma ltn_paddl a b: 0 < a -> b < a + b. Proof. by rewrite - (ltn_add2r b) add0n. Qed. Lemma ltn_paddr a b: 0 < a -> b < b +a. Proof. by move/(ltn_paddl b); rewrite addnC. Qed. Lemma leq_BD n p : n - p <= n + p. Proof. exact:(leq_trans (leq_subr p n) (leq_addr p n)). Qed. Lemma leqn1 n: (n <=1) = (n==0) || (n ==1). Proof. by rewrite leq_eqVlt orbC ltnS leqn0. Qed. (* Half *) Lemma half_le1 m: m./2 <= m. Proof. by rewrite - {2} (odd_double_half m) - addnn addnA leq_addl. Qed. Lemma half_le2 m: (m.+1)./2 <= m. Proof. by case: m => // n /=; rewrite ltnS half_le1. Qed. Lemma half_le3 m: 1 < m -> (m.+1)./2 < m. Proof. by case: m => [ | [| n _]] //;rewrite ltnS ltnS half_le2. Qed. Lemma half_le3w m: 1 < m -> m./2 < m. Proof. move/half_le3 => h; exact: (leq_ltn_trans (half_leq (leqnSn m)) h). Qed. Lemma half_le4 n: n <= n./2 -> n <= 1. Proof. by apply: contraLR; rewrite - !ltnNge; apply: half_le3w. Qed. Lemma double_half_le m : m./2.*2 <= m. Proof. by rewrite -{2} (odd_double_half m) leq_addl. Qed. (* double *) Lemma double_le1 n: n <= n.*2. Proof. by rewrite -addnn leq_addl. Qed. Lemma double_le2 n: n < n.*2.+1. Proof. by rewrite ltnS double_le1. Qed. Lemma double_le3 n: n.+1 < (n.+1).*2. Proof. by rewrite doubleS !ltnS double_le1. Qed. Lemma eqn_double m n: (m.*2 == n.*2) = (m == n). Proof. by rewrite - !muln2 eqn_mul2r. Qed. Lemma doubleS_inj: injective (fun z => z.*2.+1). Proof. by move => x y /eqP; rewrite eqSS eqn_double => /eqP. Qed. Lemma double_inj: injective (fun z => z.*2). Proof. by move => x y /eqP; rewrite eqn_double => /eqP. Qed. (* Odd *) Lemma odd_dichot n: n = (n./2).*2.+1 \/ n = (n./2).*2. Proof. by rewrite -{1 3} (odd_double_half n);case: odd; [left | right]. Qed. Lemma oddE n: odd n -> n = (n./2).*2.+1. Proof. by rewrite -{2} (odd_double_half n) => ->. Qed. Lemma evenE n: odd n = false -> n = (n./2).*2. Proof. by rewrite - {2} (odd_double_half n) => ->. Qed. Lemma cantor n : n < 2 ^n. Proof. exact: (ltn_expl n (ltnSn 1)). Qed. Lemma expn2S n: 2^n.+1 = (2^n).*2. Proof. by rewrite expnS mul2n. Qed. Lemma rem_two_prop1 m i: (m.*2) %% (2 ^(i.+1)) = (m %% 2^i).*2. Proof. rewrite {1}(divn_eq m (2^i)) doubleD doubleMr -expn2S modnMDl modn_small //. by rewrite expn2S ltn_double ltn_pmod // expn_gt0. Qed. Lemma rem_two_prop2 m i: (m.*2.+1) %% (2 ^(i.+1)) = (m %% 2^i).*2.+1. Proof. rewrite {1}(divn_eq m (2^i)) doubleD doubleMr -expn2S - addnS modnMDl. by rewrite modn_small // expn2S ltn_Sdouble ltn_pmod // expn_gt0. Qed. Lemma pow2_mod3 n: 2^n %% 3 = 1 + odd n. Proof. by elim:n => // n Hr /=; rewrite expnS -modnMm Hr; case: odd. Qed. Lemma pow2_mod3' n: 2^n = if (odd n) then (3*(((2^n).-2) %/3)).+2 else (3*(((2^n).-1) %/3)).+1. Proof. rewrite (divn_eq (2^n) 3) pow2_mod3 (mulnC _ 3). by case: odd; rewrite !addnS addn0 /= mulKn. Qed. Lemma sqrnD_sub' m n: n <= m -> (m + n) ^ 2 = 4 * (m * n) + (m - n) ^ 2. Proof. move => h; rewrite sqrnD sqrn_sub // -[4]/(2+2) mulnDl - [in RHS]addnA addnC. by rewrite subnKC // nat_Cauchy. Qed. (* sums *) Lemma split_sum_even_odd1 (F: nat -> nat) n: \sum_(i k Hr; rewrite doubleS !big_ord_recr /= Hr addnACA addnA. Qed. Lemma split_sum_even_odd (F: nat -> nat) n: \sum_(i ->; rewrite (half_bit_double n./2 true) -? doubleS doubleK ? big_ord_recr split_sum_even_odd1 // addnAC. Qed. Lemma sum_rcons a l (F: nat -> nat): \sum_(i <- rcons l a) F i = F a + \sum_(i <- l) F i. Proof. by elim: l a => [a | a l Ih b]; rewrite /= !big_cons ?big_nil // Ih addnCA. Qed. Lemma sum_rev l (F: nat -> nat): \sum_(i <- rev l) F i = \sum_(i <- l) F i. Proof. by elim: l => [|a l H]; rewrite ? big_nil // big_cons rev_cons sum_rcons H. Qed. Lemma big_nat_shift a b c p F: \sum_(c + a <= i < c + b | p i) F i = \sum_(a <= i < b | p (c + i)) F (c + i). Proof. rewrite /index_iota subnDl unlock; elim: (b - a) {1 3} (a) => // i H d //. by rewrite /= -addnS H. Qed. Lemma big_nat_cond_eq a b p p' F : (forall i, a <= i < b -> (p i = p' i)) -> \sum_(a <= i < b | p i) F i = \sum_(a <= i < b | p' i) F i. Proof. rewrite big_nat_cond [in RHS] big_nat_cond => H; apply: eq_bigl => i. by case eq1: (a <= i < b) => //=; apply: H. Qed. (** A property of the totient function *) Lemma coprime_if_bezout a b u v: u * a = v * b + 1 -> coprime a b. Proof. move => H; apply/coprimeP. by move: H; case:(posnP a) => // ->; rewrite muln0 addn1. by exists (u,v); rewrite /= H addKn. Qed. Lemma minimal_bezout a b: 0 < a -> 0 < b -> coprime a b -> exists u v, [/\ u * a = v * b + 1, v < a & u <= b]. Proof. move => ap bp cab; move/(coprimeP b ap): cab => [p hp]. have : p.1 * a = p.2 * b + 1. by rewrite - hp subnKC //; case: leqP => // /ltnW; rewrite /leq hp. rewrite (divn_eq p.2 a) mulnDl mulnAC -addnA => sa. have la: p.2 %/ a * b <= p.1 by rewrite -(leq_pmul2r ap) sa leq_addr. move/eqP:sa; rewrite -{1} (subnKC la) mulnDl eqn_add2l => /eqP hc. have va:= (ltn_pmod p.2 ap). move: (va);rewrite -(ltn_pmul2r bp) -addn1- hc mulnC (leq_pmul2l ap) => hd. by exists (p.1 - p.2 %/ a * b), (p.2 %% a). Qed. Lemma minimal_bezout_prop a b u v: u * a = v * b + 1 -> v < a -> u <= b -> (forall u' v', u' * a = v' * b +1 -> (u <= u') && (v <= v')). Proof. move => B ua vb u' v' B'. have ap: 0 < a by move:ua; case:(a). case (posnP b) => bp. by move: vb B; rewrite bp leqn0 => /eqP ->; rewrite muln0. case: (ltnP u' u) => cp; last first. by rewrite -(leq_pmul2r bp) -(leq_add2r 1) -B' - B (leq_pmul2r ap) cp. have cp2:=(ltnW cp). have cp1: v' <= v. by rewrite - (leq_pmul2r bp)-(leq_add2r 1) -B -B' (leq_pmul2r ap). move /eqP: B; rewrite -(subnK cp1) -(subnK cp2) !mulnDl - addnA -B'. rewrite eqn_add2r; set x := (u - u'); set y := (v - v') => /eqP eq3. have cap: coprime b a by rewrite coprime_sym; apply:(coprime_if_bezout B'). have eq4: x = (x %/ b) * b. symmetry; apply /eqP; rewrite - (dvdn_eq b x). by move:(Gauss_dvdr x cap); rewrite mulnC eq3 {1}/dvdn modnMl eqxx => <-. case: (posnP u') =>uz; first by move/eqP: B'; rewrite uz addn1. have: u < b + u' by apply: (leq_ltn_trans vb); rewrite ltn_paddr. rewrite -(subnK cp2) -/x eq4 ltn_add2r -{3}(mul1n b) ltn_pmul2r // ltnS leqn0. by move => /eqP qp; move: (ltn_eqF cp); rewrite -(subnK cp2) -/x eq4 qp eqxx. Qed. Lemma totient_ltn n: 1 < n -> totient n < n. Proof. move => h; rewrite totient_count_coprime. rewrite -{1 3}(prednK (ltnW h)) big_nat_recl // /coprime gcdn0 (gtn_eqF h). move:(sum_nat_const_nat 0 n.-1 1); rewrite subn0 muln1 => {2} <-. by rewrite ltnS; apply: leq_sum => // i _; case: eqP. Qed. Lemma totient_prime n: prime n = (0 < n) && (totient n == n.-1). Proof. case: (posnP n) => np /=; first by rewrite np. case pn:(prime n); first by rewrite -{1}(expn1 n) totient_pfactor // muln1 eqxx. case: (ltngtP n 1); [ by rewrite ltnNge np | move => no | by move => ->]. case/primePn: (negbT pn); first by rewrite ltnNge no. move => [d /andP[l1d ldn] /gcdn_idPr gnd]. symmetry; apply: ltn_eqF. have ns:= prednK np. have dc:= (prednK(ltnW l1d)). have df: d.-1 < n.-1 by rewrite -ltnS dc ns. rewrite totient_count_coprime -{1}ns big_nat_recl // {1} /coprime gcdn0. rewrite (gtn_eqF no) add0n -{2} (card_ord n.-1) - sum1_card big_mkord. rewrite (bigD1 (Ordinal df)) // [X in _ < X] (bigD1 (Ordinal df)) //=. rewrite dc /coprime gnd (gtn_eqF l1d) add0n add1n ltnS. by rewrite leq_sum // => i _; case: eqP. Qed. Lemma totient_pfactor_alt p e: prime p -> 0 < e -> totient (p ^ e) = p ^ e - p ^ e.-1. Proof. move => pp ep; rewrite totient_pfactor // -{2} (prednK ep) expnS. by rewrite - {3} (prednK (prime_gt0 pp)) mulSn addKn. Qed. Lemma totient_prime_alt n: 1 < n -> totient n = n.-1 -> prime n. Proof. move => n1; move:(ltnW n1) => n0. move:(pdiv_prime n1); set u := (pdiv n) => pu. move:(pfactor_coprime pu n0)(prime_gt1 pu) => [m pa pb] u1. have lp: 0 < logn u n by rewrite logn_gt0 mem_primes pu n0 pdiv_dvd. have pc: coprime m (u ^ logn u n) by rewrite coprime_sym; apply:coprime_expl. case m1: (m==1). set y := u.-1 * u ^ (logn u n).-1. have yp: 0 < y by rewrite muln_gt0 expn_gt0 -ltnS (ltnW u1) (ltn_predK u1) u1. rewrite pb (eqP m1) mul1n totient_pfactor// -{2 3}(prednK lp) expnS. rewrite - {4} (prednK (ltnW u1)) mulSn -/y -(prednK yp) addnS /=. by move/eqP; rewrite - add1n eqn_add2r=> /eqP <-; rewrite muln1. case: (posnP m)=> mz h; first by move: n0; rewrite pb mz ltnn. have /totient_ltn ha: 1 /gtn_eqF ->; rewrite andbF. Qed. (** ** Fermat of exponent two *) Lemma gcd_aux x y (g := gcdn x y) (x' := x%/g) (y':= y%/ g): 0 < x -> [/\ x = x' * gcdn x y, y = y' * gcdn x y & coprime x' y']. Proof. move => xp. case: (egcdnP y xp) => u v /= /eqP h _. move: (dvdn_gcdl x y)(dvdn_gcdr x y); rewrite !dvdn_eq -/g -/x' -/y'. move => /eqP xv /eqP yv; rewrite xv yv; split => //. move: h; rewrite -[gcdn x y]mul1n -{1} yv -{1} xv !mulnA -mulnDl addnC. by rewrite eqn_pmul2r ?gcdn_gt0 ?xp // addnC => /eqP /coprime_if_bezout. Qed. Lemma pythagore_aux a b c (d := (c %/ b)) : 0 < b -> a * b^2 = c^2 -> c = d * b /\ a = d ^2. Proof. move => bp h; move: (esym (@dvdn_pexp2r b c 2 (ltnSn 1))). rewrite -h {2}/dvdn modnMl dvdn_eq eqxx => /eqP h1. by move /eqP: h; rewrite - {1 2} h1 expnMn eqn_pmul2r ? sqrn_gt0 // => /eqP. Qed. Lemma factor_square a b c (u:=a %/ gcdn a c) (v := c %/ gcdn a c): 0 < a -> coprime a b -> a * b = c ^2 -> [/\ a = u ^2, b = v^2 & coprime u v]. Proof. move => ap cab /eqP Eq. move:(gcd_aux c ap); rewrite -/u -/v; move => [av cv cac]. move: cab; rewrite av coprime_mull => /andP [cav cgb]. move: Eq; rewrite {1}av {2} cv mulnAC expnMn - (mulnn (gcdn a c)) mulnA. rewrite eqn_pmul2r ?gcdn_gt0 ? ap // => /eqP Eq. move:ap; rewrite {1}av muln_gt0 => /andP [up _]. have: (u %| v ^ 2 * gcdn a c) by rewrite -Eq /dvdn modnMr. have: (gcdn a c %| u * b) by rewrite Eq /dvdn mulnC modnMr. rewrite mulnC !Gauss_dvdr ? coprime_expr // => dvd1 dvd2. move: (eqn_dvd (gcdn a c) u); rewrite dvd1 dvd2 /= => /eqP gv. by move /eqP:Eq; rewrite gv mulnn mulnC eqn_pmul2r // => /eqP ->. Qed. (* not much simpler Lemma double_square_square m n: (n ^2).*2 = m ^2 -> n = 0. Proof. move/eqP => h. elim: m {-2} m (leqnn m) n h. move => m; rewrite leqn0 => /eqP -> n; rewrite double_eq0 expn_eq0 andbT. by move/eqP. move => k IH m; rewrite leq_eqVlt; case/orP=> [|Hm]; last first. by apply: IH; rewrite -ltnS. move => /eqP -> n; case: (odd_dichot k.+1) => od h. by move:(f_equal odd (eqP h)); rewrite odd_exp od /= !odd_double. have nk: n <= k. rewrite - ltnS ltn_neqAle - leq_sqr - (eqP h) double_le1 andbT. apply /negP => eq1; move: h. by rewrite - (addn0 (k.+1 ^ 2)) (eqP eq1) -addnn eqn_add2l expn_eq0 //. move: h; rewrite od - (muln2 (k.+1)./2) expnMn -[2^2]/(2 * 2) mulnA muln2 muln2. rewrite eqn_double eq_sym => ea. by move: od; rewrite (IH n nk k.+1./2 ea). Qed. *) Lemma double_square_square m n: (n ^2).*2 = m ^2 -> n = 0. Proof. move/eqP. elim: n {-2} n (leqnn n) m; first by move => n; rewrite leqn0 => /eqP. move => k IH n; rewrite leq_eqVlt; case/orP=> [|Hm]; last first. by apply: IH; rewrite -ltnS. move => /eqP -> m; rewrite - (odd_double_half m); case odd. by move => /eqP h; move:(f_equal odd h); rewrite odd_exp /= !odd_double. rewrite add0n -(muln2 (m./2)) expnMn -[2^2]/(2 * 2) mulnA 2!muln2. rewrite eqn_double eq_sym => ea. suff la: (m./2) <= k by move: (ea); rewrite (IH _ la _ ea) (eqn_sqr 0). rewrite -ltnS ltn_neqAle; apply/andP; split. apply/negP => /eqP h; move:ea; rewrite - (addn0 (k.+1 ^ 2)). by rewrite h - addnn eqn_add2l (eqn_sqr _ 0). by rewrite -leq_sqr -leq_double (eqP ea) double_le1. Qed. Lemma gcd_n2 n: gcdn n 2 = if (odd n) then 1 else 2. Proof. by rewrite -{1} (odd_double_half n) -muln2 addnC gcdnC gcdnMDl; case: odd. Qed. Lemma square_odd_mod4 n: odd n -> n^2 = 1 %[mod 4]. Proof. rewrite -{2} (odd_double_half n) (sqrnD) => ->. by rewrite mul1n -mul2n mulnA expnMn -addnA -(mulnDr) addnC mulnC modnMDl. Qed. Lemma pythagore_tripleA p q r (x := r* (p^2 - q^2)) (y := r*(p*q).*2) (z:= r*(p^2 + q ^2)): q <= p -> x^2 + y^2 = z ^2. Proof. rewrite /x /y/z -leq_sqr /= !expnMn -mulnDr -mul2n !expnMn => h. rewrite -(sqrnD_sub h) subnK //; apply:nat_AGM2. Qed. Lemma pythagore_gcd p q: q <= p -> coprime p q -> odd p != odd q -> coprime (p ^ 2 - q ^ 2) (p * q).*2. Proof. move => lqp; rewrite {2}/coprime. rewrite subn_sqr -{1 2 4 5} (subnK lqp); set r := p - q. rewrite /coprime_sym /coprime gcdnC gcdnDr -/(coprime _ _) => cqr. rewrite odd_add negb_eqb - addbA addbb addbF => or. have cpq: (coprime (r * (r + q + q)) q). by rewrite coprime_sym /coprime Gauss_gcdr // !gcdnDr. have cp2: coprime (r * (r + q + q)) 2. rewrite - addnA addnn - muln2 mulnDr mulnA muln2 /coprime gcd_n2 odd_add. by rewrite odd_mul or /= !odd_double. rewrite - mul2n Gauss_gcdr // Gauss_gcdl // gcdnC. by rewrite Gauss_gcdl 1? gcdnC /coprime gcdnDl gcdnC // gcdnDr. Qed. Lemma pythagore_mod4 x y z: coprime x y -> x ^ 2 + y ^ 2 = z ^ 2 -> odd x != odd y. Proof. move => cpa eq1. case ox: (odd x); case oy: (odd y) => //. move:(f_equal (fun z => z %% 4) eq1); rewrite -(modnDm) square_odd_mod4 //. rewrite square_odd_mod4 // (@modn_small 1) // (@modn_small 2) //. case oz: (odd z); first by rewrite square_odd_mod4. by rewrite (evenE oz) -mul2n expnMn modnMr. move: cpa; rewrite (evenE ox) (evenE oy) -!muln2 /coprime. by rewrite -muln_gcdl muln_eq1 andbF. Qed. Lemma coprime_sqr m n: coprime (m ^2) (n ^ 2) = coprime m n. Proof. rewrite coprime_pexpr // coprime_pexpl //. Qed. Lemma coprimeDl m n: coprime m (m + n) = coprime m n. Proof. by rewrite/coprime gcdnDl. Qed. Lemma coprimeDr m n: coprime m (n + m) = coprime m n. Proof. by rewrite/coprime gcdnDr. Qed. Lemma pythagore_tripleB x y z (r := gcdn x y): x^2 + y ^2 = z^2 -> [\/ x=0 /\ y = z, y = 0 /\ x = z | exists p q, [/\ 0 < r, q < p, coprime p q, odd p != odd q & [/\ x = r* (p^2 - q^2), y = r*(p*q).*2 & z = r*(p^2 + q ^2) ] \/ [/\ y = r* (p^2 - q^2), x = r*(p*q).*2 & z = r*(p^2 + q ^2) ]]]. Proof. case: (posnP x) => xp. by move /eqP; rewrite xp add0n eqn_sqr => /eqP ->; constructor 1. case: (posnP y) => yp. by move /eqP; rewrite yp addn0 eqn_sqr => /eqP ->; constructor 2. move => h;constructor 3. case:(gcd_aux y xp); set a := _ %/ _; set b := _%/ _; rewrite -/r => xv yv cp1. have rp: 0 < r by rewrite gcdn_gt0 xp. move: h xp yp; rewrite xv yv !expnMn - mulnDl {xv yv}. move/(pythagore_aux rp); set c := z%/r; move => [-> h]. case az: (a==0); first by rewrite (eqP az) mul0n. case bz: (b==0); first by rewrite (eqP bz) mul0n. move => _ _; rewrite (mulnC a) (mulnC b) (mulnC c). wlog: a b az bz h cp1 / odd a && ~~(odd b). move => H; move: (pythagore_mod4 cp1 h). case oa: (odd a); first by move => /= ob; apply: H => //; rewrite oa ob. rewrite negb_eqb /= => /= ob; rewrite addnC in h; rewrite coprime_sym in cp1. have oc:odd b && ~~ odd a by rewrite oa ob. move:(H b a bz az h cp1 oc) =>[p [q [ha hb hc hd he]]];exists p,q. by split =>//;case: he => hh;[right| left]. move => /andP[oa eb]. have lac: a < c by rewrite - ltn_sqr -h ltn_paddr // expn_gt0 lt0n bz. have lac' := ltnW lac. move: (f_equal odd h); rewrite odd_add ! odd_exp /= oa (negbTE eb) /= => oc. have eq2:=(evenE (negbTE eb)). have eq3: b^2 = (c-a)* (c+a) by rewrite - subn_sqr -h addKn. move:(odd_double_half (c +a)); rewrite odd_add oa - oc add0n => eq4. move:(odd_double_half (c -a)); rewrite odd_sub // oa - oc add0n => eq5. have eq6: (b./2) ^2 = (c - a)./2 * (c + a)./2. apply/eqP; rewrite -(@eqn_pmul2l (2 * 2)) // mulnACA !mul2n eq4 eq5 - eq3. by rewrite -(expnMn 2 _ 2) mul2n - eq2. have ap: 0 < a by rewrite lt0n az. have cp:=(ltn_trans ap lac). have cap: coprime c a. by rewrite -coprime_sqr -h coprime_sym coprimeDl coprime_sqr. case: (posnP (c - a)./2) => lt1. by move /eqP:eq6; rewrite lt1 expn_eq0 - double_eq0 -eq2 bz. have av: ((c + a)./2 - (c - a)./2) == a. by rewrite -eqn_double doubleB eq4 eq5 addnC -addnn -addnBA ?subKn// leq_subr. have cv: ((c - a)./2 + (c + a)./2) == c. by rewrite - eqn_double doubleD eq4 eq5 (addnC c) addnA (subnK lac') addnn. have lt2:= (leq_ltn_trans (leq_subr a c) (ltn_paddr c ap)). have cp2: (coprime (c - a)./2 (c + a)./2). move: (esym oc); rewrite -coprimen2 => hw. rewrite /coprime -gcdnDl (eqP cv) gcdnC -(Gauss_gcdr _ hw) mul2n eq5. by rewrite gcdnC -{2}(subnK lac') gcdnDl gcdnC - gcdnDr subnK // gcdnC. case: (factor_square lt1 cp2 (esym eq6)). set q := _ %/ _; set p := _ %/ _ => eq7 eq8 cpxy. have H w: odd w = odd (w ^2) by rewrite odd_mul andbb. have eq9: b = (p * q).*2. apply /eqP; rewrite -eqn_sqr - muln2 2!expnMn -eq8 -eq7 (mulnC (_ ./2)) -eq6. by rewrite - expnMn muln2 -eq2. exists p, q; rewrite - eq9 coprime_sym; split => //. + by rewrite - ltn_sqr -eq7 -eq8 - ltn_double eq4 eq5. + by rewrite (H p) (H q) negb_eqb -odd_add -eq7 -eq8 addnC (eqP cv). + by left; rewrite -eq7 - eq8 (eqP av) addnC (eqP cv) eq9. Qed. Lemma Fermat4 x y z : x^2 + y^4 = z^4 -> (x == 0) || (y == 0). Proof. case: (posnP x) => xp //. case: (posnP y) => yp //=. case:(gcd_aux z yp); set a := _ %/ _; set b := _ %/ _; set r := gcdn y z. move => sa sb cp eqa. move: (subn_sqr (z^2) (y^2)); rewrite -!expnM - eqa addnK sa sb. rewrite !expnMn - mulnDl -mulnBl mulnACA mulnn => eqb. have rp: 0 < r by rewrite gcdn_gt0 yp. have: (r^2)^2 %| x ^2 by rewrite eqb /dvdn modnMl. rewrite dvdn_pexp2r // => /dvdnP [c xv]. move /eqP: eqb; rewrite xv expnMn eqn_pmul2r ?expn_gt0 ? rp// => eqc. have ap: 0 < a by move: yp; rewrite sa muln_gt0 rp andbT. have: a < b. rewrite -ltn_sqr ltnNge /leq; apply/eqP => h. by move: xp; rewrite -ltn_sqr xv expnMn (eqP eqc) h. move: (leqnn b) cp eqc ap; clear; elim: b {-2} b a c. by move => b a c; rewrite leqn0 => /eqP ->; rewrite ltn0. move => K IH b a c ns cab eqa ap lab. have ha: a ^ 2 <= b ^ 2 by rewrite leq_sqr (ltnW lab). have eqd: c^2 + (a^2)^2 = (b^2)^2. by rewrite (eqP eqa) - subn_sqr subnK // leq_sqr. case: (posnP c) => cp; first by move/eqP:eqd;rewrite cp 2!eqn_sqr (ltn_eqF lab). move: (cab). rewrite - 2!coprime_sqr -eqd addnC coprimeDl coprime_sym coprime_sqr => cac. case oa: (odd a). case: (pythagore_tripleB eqd). + by case => /eqP; rewrite (gtn_eqF cp). + by case => /eqP; rewrite expn_eq0 andbT (gtn_eqF ap). + move => [p [q []]]; rewrite (eqP cac) ! mul1n => _ sb sc sd [][qa qb qc]. by move: (f_equal odd qb); rewrite odd_exp /= odd_double oa. case:(posnP q) => qp; first by move: cp; rewrite qb qp !muln0. have lpk: p <= K. rewrite -ltnS; apply: leq_trans ns. by rewrite -ltn_sqr qc ltn_paddr // expn_gt0 qp. by apply: (IH p q (a*b)) => //; rewrite 1? coprime_sym // -qa -qc expnMn. case ob: (odd b); last first. move: cab;rewrite (evenE oa) (evenE ob) -!muln2. by rewrite /coprime -muln_gcdl muln_eq1 andbF. have cp2: coprime (b ^ 2 - a ^ 2) (b ^ 2 + a ^ 2). have cp1:coprime (b ^ 2 + a ^ 2) 2. by rewrite coprimen2 odd_add !odd_exp /= oa addbF. rewrite /coprime gcdnC -gcdnDl -addnA subnKC // addnn -muln2 Gauss_gcdl //. by rewrite gcdnC gcdnDl gcdnC -/(coprime _ _) coprime_sqr. move /eqP: (eqa); move/esym => eqa'. case: (posnP (b ^ 2 - a ^ 2)) => dp. by move: cp; rewrite -sqrn_gt0 - eqa' dp. case: (factor_square dp cp2 eqa'); set t := _ %/ _; set s := _ %/ _. move => t2 s2 cst. have os: odd s by move: (odd_exp s 2); rewrite /= -s2 odd_add !odd_exp oa ob. have ot: odd t by move: (odd_exp t 2); rewrite /= -t2 odd_sub // !odd_exp oa ob. move: (oddE os) (oddE ot) => sv1 tv1. set u := (s+t)./2; set v := (s-t)./2. have cp0: t < s. have qa: b ^ 2 - a ^ 2 <= b^2 by rewrite leq_subr. have qb: b ^ 2 < b ^ 2 + a ^ 2 by apply: ltn_paddr; rewrite expn_gt0 ap. by move: (leq_ltn_trans qa qb); rewrite t2 s2 ltn_sqr. have cp1: t./2 <= s./2 by apply: half_leq; apply:ltnW. have uE: u = s./2 + t./2 +1. by rewrite /u {1} sv1 {1}tv1 addSnnS -doubleS -doubleD doubleK addn1 addnS. have vE: v = s./2 - t./2. by rewrite /v {1} sv1 {1} tv1 subSS -doubleB doubleK. have sE: s = u + v. by rewrite uE vE addnAC -2!addnA (addnA t./2) subnKC //addnA addnn addn1. have tE: t = u - v. by rewrite uE vE (subnBA _ cp1) (addnAC s./2) -2!addnA addnn add1n -tv1 addKn. have luv: v < u by rewrite uE addn1 ltnS vE leq_BD. have cuv: coprime u v. move: cst; rewrite sE tE /coprime gcdnC -gcdnDl -addnA (subnKC (ltnW luv)). by rewrite addnn - muln2 Gauss_gcdl ? coprimen2 -?sE // sE gcdnC gcdnDl. have suv: u^2 + v ^2 = b^2. have h: (b^2).*2 = s^2 + t ^2 by rewrite -t2 -s2 -addnA (subnKC ha) addnn. apply/eqP; rewrite - eqn_double h sE tE sqrnD (sqrn_sub (ltnW luv)) -addnA. by rewrite subnKC ?addnn // nat_Cauchy. have puv: v* (2 * u) = a ^2. by move/eqP:(sqrnD u v);rewrite suv -sE -s2 eqn_add2l mulnA mulnC => /eqP ->. case: (posnP v) => vz; first by move: ap; rewrite - sqrn_gt0 -puv vz. case: (posnP u) => uz; first by move: ap; rewrite - sqrn_gt0 -puv uz !muln0. case:(pythagore_tripleB suv). by move => []; rewrite uE addn1. by move => [vzz]; move: vz; rewrite vzz. move => [p [q [gp lqp cpq opq]]]; rewrite (eqP cuv) ! mul1n. have odf: odd (p ^ 2 - q ^ 2). by rewrite odd_sub ?odd_exp ?leq_sqr ?(ltnW lqp) //= - negb_eqb. have pp: 0 < p by move: lqp; case p. have Hw w: 0 < w -> w <= w^2 by move => h; rewrite -{1}(expn1 w) leq_pexp2l. case=> [] [up vp bp]. case: (posnP q) => qp; first by move: vz; rewrite vp qp !muln0. have cp3: coprime u (2* v). by rewrite /coprime Gauss_gcdl // -/(coprime _ _) coprimen2 up. have puv': u * (2 * v) = a ^ 2 by rewrite - puv mulnCA mulnA mulnC. case:(factor_square uz cp3 puv'); set d := _ %/ _; set e := _ %/_. move => us vs cp4. move: (f_equal odd vs); rewrite odd_exp mul2n odd_double /= => oe. move /eqP: vs; rewrite (evenE (esym oe)) - mul2n expnMn. rewrite vp - mulnA !mul2n 2! eqn_double => pqs. case: (factor_square pp cpq (eqP pqs)). set aa := _ %/ _; set bb := _ %/ _ => [Ha Hb Hc]. have bbp: 0 < bb by rewrite -sqrn_gt0 -Hb. have cba: bb < aa by rewrite -ltn_sqr -Ha -Hb. case: (posnP aa) => aap; first by move: cba; rewrite aap;case: (aa). have aaK: aa <= K. move: (Hw aa aap); rewrite -Ha => hb; apply: (leq_trans hb). rewrite -ltnS; apply: leq_trans ns. by apply:(leq_ltn_trans (Hw p pp)); rewrite bp ltn_paddr // sqrn_gt0. rewrite coprime_sym in Hc. by apply: (IH aa bb d aaK Hc) => //; rewrite -Ha -Hb -us up -subn_sqr. have cp3 : coprime v (2* u). by rewrite /coprime Gauss_gcdl 1? coprime_sym // -/(coprime _ _) coprimen2 up. case:(factor_square vz cp3 puv); set d:= _ %/ _; set e := _ %/ _ => us vs cp4. move: (f_equal odd vs); rewrite odd_exp mul2n odd_double /= => oe. move /eqP: vs; rewrite (evenE (esym oe)) - mul2n expnMn -[2^2]/(2*2) - mulnA. rewrite vp !mul2n !eqn_double => pqs. case: (posnP q) => qp; first by move: uz; rewrite vp qp !muln0. case: (factor_square pp cpq (eqP pqs)). set aa := _ %/ _; set bb := _ %/ _ => [Ha Hb Hc]. have bbp: 0 < bb by rewrite -sqrn_gt0 -Hb. have cba: bb < aa by rewrite -ltn_sqr -Ha -Hb. case: (posnP aa) => aap; first by move: cba; rewrite aap;case: (aa). have aaK: aa <= K. move: (Hw aa aap); rewrite -Ha => hb; apply: (leq_trans hb). rewrite -ltnS; apply: leq_trans ns. by apply:(leq_ltn_trans (Hw p pp)); rewrite bp ltn_paddr // sqrn_gt0. rewrite coprime_sym in Hc. by apply: (IH aa bb d aaK Hc) => //; rewrite -Ha -Hb -us up -subn_sqr. Qed. Lemma Fermat4_alt x y z (pa:= fun x => exists y, x= y^2 \/ x = (y^2).*2) (pb := fun x y z => [\/ pa x /\ pa y, pa y /\ pa z | pa z /\ pa x]): x^2 + y ^2 = z ^2 -> coprime x y -> pb x y z -> (x == 0) || (y == 0). Proof. elim: z {-2} z (leqnn z) x y. move => z; rewrite leqn0 => /eqP -> x y /eqP; rewrite addn_eq0 expn_eq0 //. by rewrite andbT; move/andP => [->]. move => K Hrec z zB x y ha hb hc. wlog: x y ha hb hc /(odd y). move => H; move:(pythagore_mod4 hb ha); case oy: (odd y). by move => _; apply: H. rewrite coprime_sym in hb; rewrite addnC in ha; rewrite negb_eqb addbF orbC. apply: H => //; case: hc => [][qa qb]. - by constructor 1. - by constructor 3. - by constructor 2. move => oy; case: (pythagore_tripleB ha). by move => [->]. by move => [->]; rewrite orbT. move => [p [q []]]; rewrite (eqP hb) !mul1n => _ lqp cp2 opq. case => [][yv xv zv]; first by move: oy; rewrite xv odd_double. have: odd (z^2) by rewrite -ha odd_add !odd_exp /= oy xv odd_double. rewrite odd_exp /= => oz. have paw w: pa w -> odd w ->exists y', w = y'^2. move => [t]; case => ->; [ by exists t | by rewrite odd_double]. have lb: (q ^ 2) <= (p ^ 2) by rewrite leq_sqr (ltnW lqp). have la: (q ^ 2) ^ 2 <= (p ^ 2) ^ 2 by rewrite leq_sqr. have zz: z = 0 -> (x == 0) || (y == 0). by move => h; move /eqP:ha; rewrite h addn_eq0 !expn_eq0 !andbT => /andP[->]. case (posnP q) => qp; first by rewrite xv qp !muln0. case (posnP p) => pp; first by rewrite xv pp. have pax: pa x -> pa p /\ pa q. rewrite xv; move: opq cp2; rewrite negb_eqb; clear;wlog: p q /odd p. move => H; case op: (odd p) => ww; first by apply:H => //; rewrite op. rewrite coprime_sym mulnC=> sa sb. simpl in ww; have opq: odd q (+) odd p by rewrite ww op. by move: (H q p ww opq sa sb) => []. case: (posnP p) => pp; first by rewrite pp. move => op; rewrite op /= => oq cpq [t]; case. rewrite - muln2 -mulnA (mulnC q) => eqa. have cp': coprime p (2 * q) by rewrite /coprime Gauss_gcdr // coprimen2. case: (factor_square pp cp' eqa); set u:= _ %/ _; set v := _ %/ _. move => -> hb hc. move:(f_equal odd (esym hb)); rewrite odd_exp mul2n odd_double /= => ov. split; first by exists u; left. move /eqP: hb; rewrite (evenE ov) - mul2n expnMn - (mulnA 2 2) !mul2n => h. by exists (v./2); right; apply/eqP; rewrite -eqn_double h. move/eqP; rewrite eqn_double => /eqP eqa. case: (factor_square pp cpq eqa); set u := _ %/ _; set v := _ %/ _. move => -> -> cp;split; [ by exists u; left | by exists v; left]. have lpk: p^2 <= K. by rewrite -ltnS; apply: leq_trans zB; rewrite zv ltn_paddr // sqrn_gt0. have lpk1: p <= K. by apply: leq_trans lpk; rewrite -{1}(expn1 p) leq_pexp2l. case: hc => [] [he hf]. + move: (paw _ hf oy) => [y' y'v]. move: (pax he)=> [sa sb]. have eq2: q ^ 2 + y' ^ 2 = p ^ 2 by rewrite -y'v yv subnKC. have cp3: coprime q y'. by rewrite -coprime_sqr -coprimeDl eq2 coprime_sqr coprime_sym. have rc: pb q y' p by constructor 3. move: (Hrec p lpk1 q y' eq2 cp3 rc); rewrite (gtn_eqF qp) /= y'v => /eqP. by move => ->; rewrite orbT. + move: (paw _ he oy) => [y' ysv]; move: (paw _ hf oz) => [z' zsv]. have ra:(y' * z') ^ 2 + (q ^ 2) ^ 2 = (p ^ 2) ^ 2. by rewrite expnMn - ysv - zsv yv zv - subn_sqr subnK. have rb:coprime (y' * z') (q ^ 2). by rewrite -coprime_sqr coprime_sym - coprimeDr ra !coprime_sqr coprime_sym. have rc:pb (y' * z') (q ^ 2) (p ^ 2). constructor 2; split; [ by exists q; left | by exists p; left]. move: (Hrec (p^2) lpk (y'*z') (q^2) ra rb rc). rewrite expn_eq0 (gtn_eqF qp) muln_eq0 orbF; case/orP => /eqP hw. by rewrite ysv hw orbT. by apply:zz; rewrite zsv hw. + move: (paw _ he oz) => [z' z'v]. move: (pax hf)=> [sa sb]. have eq2: p ^ 2 + q ^ 2 = z' ^ 2 by rewrite - z'v zv. have pbb: pb p q z' by constructor 1. have lt1: z' <= K. move: (qp)(pp); rewrite - sqrn_gt0 - (sqrn_gt0 p) => l1 l2. move:(leq_add l2 l1) zB; rewrite - zv z'v; clear; case z' => //; case=> //. move => n nb nc; rewrite - ltnS; apply: leq_trans nc. by rewrite - mulnn; apply:ltn_Pmull. by move: (Hrec z' lt1 p q eq2 cp2 pbb); rewrite (gtn_eqF qp) (gtn_eqF pp). Qed. Lemma Fermat4' x y z : x^2 + y^4 = z^4 -> (x == 0) || (y == 0). Proof. case: (posnP x) => xp //. case: (posnP y) => yp //=. case:(gcd_aux z yp); set a := _ %/ _; set b := _ %/ _; set r:= gcdn y z. move => sa sb cp eqa. move: (subn_sqr (z^2) (y^2)); rewrite - !expnM - eqa addnK sa sb. rewrite !expnMn - mulnDl -mulnBl mulnACA mulnn => eqb. have rp: 0 < r by rewrite gcdn_gt0 yp. have r4p:0 < r ^ (2 * 2) by rewrite expn_gt0 rp. have: (r^2)^2 %| x ^2 by rewrite eqb /dvdn modnMl. rewrite dvdn_pexp2r // => /dvdnP [c xv]. move /eqP: eqa; rewrite sa sb xv !expnMn mulnn - expnM -mulnDl eqn_pmul2r //. rewrite -[4]/(2*2) 2!expnM => /eqP eqc. have cpp: coprime c (a^2). by rewrite -coprime_sqr coprime_sym -coprimeDr eqc !coprime_sqr. move: (Fermat4_alt eqc cpp); set W:= (or3 _ _ _) => H. have wt: W by constructor 2; split; [ exists a| exists b]; left. move: (H wt); case/orP => ea. by move: xp; rewrite xv (eqP ea). by move: ea yp; rewrite expn_eq0 andbT sa => /eqP ->. Qed. Lemma square_plus1_square m n: n ^2 + 1 = m ^2 -> n = 0. Proof. move => h. case: (ltnP n m); rewrite -leq_sqr -h addn1 ? ltnn//. rewrite - addn1 sqrnD addnAC addn1 ltnS muln1. by rewrite -[X in _ <= X](addn0) leq_add2l leqn0 muln_eq0 /= => /eqP. Qed. Lemma square_plus2_square m n: n ^2 + 2 = m ^2 -> False. Proof. move => eq1. case: (ltnP n m);rewrite -leq_sqr - eq1; last by rewrite leqNgt ltn_paddr. rewrite - addn1 sqrnD - addnA leq_add2l muln1 mul2n add1n (ltn_double n 1). rewrite ltnS leqn0 => /eqP nz. by move: eq1; rewrite nz add0n -{1}[2]/((1^2).*2)=>/(@double_square_square m 1). Qed. Lemma square_plus4_square m n: n ^2 + 4 = m ^2 -> n = 0. Proof. move => h; move:(subn_sqr m n); rewrite - h addKn. case: (ltnP m n); first by rewrite -ltn_sqr - (addn0 (n^2)) -h ltn_add2l. move => ha; rewrite -{2} (subnK ha)- addnA addnn. clear;case:(m-n) => //; case. by rewrite mul1n add1n => h; move: (f_equal odd h); rewrite /= odd_double. move => k; case: n => // n eq. have ha: 2 <= k.+2 by []. have hb: 4 <= (k.+2 + (n.+1).*2) by rewrite doubleS !addnS !addSn. by move: (leq_mul ha hb); rewrite -eq. Qed. Fact square_plus4_square_alt m n: n ^2 + 2^2 = m ^2 -> n = 0. Proof. have: prime 2 by []; move/primeP => [_ dvd2]. case /pythagore_tripleB; [ by case => h | by case | ]. move => [p [q [ha hb hc hd]]]; case; case => ea eb ec. move/eqP: eb;rewrite {2} ea -doubleMr (eqn_double 1) eq_sym !muln_eq1. by move => /and3P [ /eqP -> /eqP -> /eqP -> ]. rewrite subn_sqr in ea. have he: (p + q) %| 2 by rewrite ea mulnA /dvdn modnMl. case/orP: (dvd2 _ he) => /eqP. move: eb; clear; case: q; first by rewrite !muln0. move => q av /eqP; rewrite addnS eqSS addn_eq0 => /andP [ha hb]. by rewrite av (eqP ha) muln0. by move/(f_equal odd); rewrite odd_add -negb_eqb hd. Qed. Lemma square_plus9_square n m: n ^2 + 3^2 = m ^2 -> (n = 0 \/ n = 4). Proof. case /pythagore_tripleB; [ by case => h _; left | by case | ]. move => [p [q[ha hb hc hd]]]; case; case => ea eb ec. by move: (f_equal odd eb); rewrite -doubleMr odd_double. rewrite subn_sqr in ea. have /primeP [_ h]: prime 3 by []. have da: (p + q) %| 3 by rewrite ea mulnA /dvdn modnMl. case/orP: (h _ da) => /eqP rv. move: eb hb rv; clear; case: q; first by rewrite !muln0 => ->; left. move => q _ np => /eqP; rewrite addnS eqSS addn_eq0 => /andP [ha hb]. by move: np; rewrite (eqP ha) (eqP hb). move/eqP: ea; rewrite rv mulnA -{1}[3]/(1*3) eqn_pmul2r // eq_sym muln_eq1. move /andP => [r1 pq]. right; move /eqP: rv;rewrite eb (eqP r1) -(subnK (ltnW hb)) (eqP pq). by rewrite -addnA eqSS addnn (eqn_double q 1) => /eqP ->. Qed. Lemma square_plus16_square n m: (n ^2 + 4^2 == m ^2) = (n==0) && (m==4)||(n==3)&&(m==5). Proof. apply/idP/orP; last by case => /andP [/eqP -> /eqP ->] //. case:(ltnP n m) => cap; last first. have /gtn_eqF -> //: m^2 < n ^ 2 + 4^2. apply: (@leq_ltn_trans (n^2)); first by rewrite leq_sqr. by rewrite -{1}(addn0 (n^2)) ltn_add2l. move: cap; rewrite leq_eqVlt; case/orP => lmn. rewrite -(eqP lmn) - (addn1 n) sqrnD - addnA eqn_add2l muln1 mul2n. by move => /eqP h; move:(f_equal odd h); simpl; rewrite odd_double. move => h. move:lmn; rewrite -(leq_sqr) - addn2 -(eqP h) sqrnD - addnA leq_add2l. rewrite - [4 ^ 2]/( 2 ^ 2 + 4 * 3) leq_add2l (mulnC n) mulnA leq_pmul2l //. case: (ltnP 4 m) => cb4; last first. move: cb4; rewrite -(eqn_sqr m 4) -(leq_sqr) - (eqP h) leqNgt. rewrite -{1} (add0n (4 ^ 2)) ltn_add2r expn_gt0 /= orbF - leqNgt leqn0. by move => /eqP ->; left. move: cb4; rewrite -(eqn_sqr m 5) -(leq_sqr) - (eqP h) -[5^2]/(3 ^ 2 + 4 ^ 2). rewrite (leq_add2r) leq_sqr => sa sb; right; suff a3:(n==3) by rewrite(eqP a3). by rewrite eqn_leq sa sb. Qed. Fact square_plus16_square_alt n m: (n ^2 + 4^2 = m ^2) -> n = 0 \/ n = 3. Proof. case /pythagore_tripleB; [ by case => h _; left | by case | ]. have H1 a b: 2 == a * b -> (a==1) || (a == 2). by case: a => [|[|[| a]]] => //; rewrite mulnC;case: b. have H a b: odd b -> 2 == a * b -> (a == 2). move => ob h; case/orP: (H1 _ _ h);last by move => ->. by move => /eqP a1; move:(f_equal odd (eqP h)); rewrite a1 mul1n ob. move => [p [q[ha hb hc hd]]]; case; case => ea eb ec. move/eqP: eb; rewrite -{1}[4]/(2.*2) -doubleMr eqn_double => ed. case opq: (odd (p * q)). move: opq hd; rewrite odd_mul; case: odd; case: odd => //=. move: ed; rewrite -{1} [2]/(1.*2) (evenE opq) -doubleMr eqn_double eq_sym. rewrite muln_eq1 -(eqn_double _./2) -(evenE opq) => /andP [g1 g2]. rewrite eq_sym in g2;case/orP: (H1 _ _ g2) => /eqP pv; rewrite pv in g2. by rewrite mul1n in g2; move: hb; rewrite -(eqP g2) pv. by right;move: g2; rewrite ea (eqP g1) mul1n pv mul2n eqn_double => /eqP <-. have hb':= (ltnW hb). have od: odd (p^2 - q^2). by rewrite odd_sub ?leq_sqr // !odd_exp -negb_eqb. have g4: gcdn n 4 = 4. move: (f_equal odd ea); rewrite odd_mul od /= andbT => /esym neg. move: ea;rewrite (evenE neg) -[4]/(2.*2) -doubleMl => /eqP. by rewrite eqn_double => h; rewrite (eqP (H _ _ od h)). move /eqP:ea; rewrite g4 -{1} (muln1 4) eqn_pmul2l // eb => /eqP h. have: q^2 + 1 = p ^2 by rewrite {2} h subnKC // leq_sqr. by move/ square_plus1_square => ->; left; rewrite !muln0. Qed. Lemma square_plus_square_3square x y z: x^2 + y^2 = 3 * z ^2 -> z = 0. Proof. wlog: x y/ y <= x. by move => H; case/orP: (leq_total y x); [| rewrite addnC]; apply:H. case: (posnP x) => xp. rewrite xp leqn0 => /eqP -> /eqP; rewrite eq_sym muln_eq0 expn_eq0 /=. by rewrite andbT => /eqP. case (gcd_aux y xp); set a := _ %/ _; set b := _ %/ _. move => {3} -> {3} ->. rewrite !expnMn -mulnDl => cp _ eqa. case: (posnP z) => //; rewrite -sqrn_gt0 => zp. have /(logn_Gauss ((gcdn x y) ^2)): coprime 3 (a ^ 2 + b ^ 2). move: (dvdn_gcd 3 a b). rewrite (eqP cp) /= /dvdn /coprime -gcdn_modr -modnDm - modnMm - (modnMm b). move: (@ltn_pmod a 3 isT); move: (@ltn_pmod b 3 isT). case:(a %% 3) => [|[|[]]];case:(b %% 3) => [|[|[]]] => //. rewrite eqa lognM // logn_prime // !lognX => H. by move: (f_equal odd H); rewrite !mul2n add1n /= !odd_double. Qed. (* Functions on lists *) Lemma seq2_ind (T1 T2 : Type) (P : seq T1 -> seq T2 -> Prop) : P [::] [::] -> (forall x1 x2 s1 s2, P s1 s2 -> P (x1 :: s1) (x2 :: s2)) -> forall s1 s2, size s1 == size s2 -> P s1 s2. Proof. move=> Pnil Pcons; elim=> [|x1 l1 IH1]; case=> // x2 l2 /= H; auto. Qed. Lemma rev_inj (T: Type) : injective (@rev T). Proof. by apply: inv_inj; apply: revK. Qed. Lemma all_rev (T: eqType) P (l: seq T) : all P (rev l) = all P l. Proof. by apply /allP/allP => H x xi; apply:H; [rewrite mem_rev |rewrite - mem_rev]. Qed. Lemma head_rev (T: Type) (a:T) l: head a (rev l) = last a l. Proof. by elim: l a => // a l H b; rewrite rev_cons - cats1 /= -H;case (rev l). Qed. Lemma split_rev (T: Type) (a:T) l: rev (a :: l) = last a l :: behead (rev (a :: l)). Proof. by rewrite rev_cons {1} headI head_rev. Qed. Lemma rem_rcons1 a b l: a < b -> rem a (rcons l b) = rcons (rem a l) b. Proof. move => h; elim:l => /=; first by rewrite gtn_eqF. by move => x l H /=; case:(x==a) => //; rewrite H rcons_cons. Qed. Lemma rem_rcons2 (T:eqType) (a: T) l: a \notin l -> rem a (rcons l a) = l. Proof. elim: l => [| b l H]; rewrite /= ?eqxx // inE /= eq_sym. by case: (b==a) => //=; move/H => ->. Qed. Definition succ_seq l := [seq i.+1 | i <- l]. Definition pred_seq l := [seq i.-1 | i <- l]. Lemma seq_prednK l: all (leq 1) l -> l = succ_seq (pred_seq l). Proof. by elim:l => // a l H /= /andP [] /prednK -> /H <-. Qed. Lemma iota_S a n: iota a.+1 n = succ_seq (iota a n). Proof. by elim: n a => // k H m /=; rewrite H. Qed. Lemma iota_Sr i n: iota i n.+1 = rcons (iota i n) (i+n). Proof. by elim: n i => [i| n H i]; rewrite ? addn0 // /= - addSnnS - H. Qed. Lemma last_iota a b c: last c (iota a b.+1) = (b + a). Proof. by simpl; elim: b a => [a | a H b] //=;rewrite H addSnnS. Qed. Lemma last_mkseq (T : Type) (f: nat -> T) a b c: last c [seq f i | i <- iota a b.+1] = f (b + a). Proof. by simpl; elim: b a => [a | a H b] //=;rewrite H addSnnS. Qed. Lemma mkseq_succ (T: Type) (f: nat -> T) n: mkseq f n.+1 = rcons (mkseq f n) (f n). Proof. rewrite /mkseq - {3} (add0n n). by elim: n (0) => [n |n H m]; rewrite ? addn0 //= addnS - addSn - H. Qed. (** *** Copy of the std lib *) Fixpoint fib_rec n := if n is n1.+1 then if n1 is n2.+1 then fib_rec n1 + fib_rec n2 else 1 else 0. Definition fib := nosimpl fib_rec. Lemma fibE : fib = fib_rec. Proof. by []. Qed. Lemma fib0 : fib 0 = 0. Proof. by []. Qed. Lemma fib1 : fib 1 = 1. Proof. by []. Qed. Lemma fibSS n: fib n.+2 = fib n.+1 + fib n. Proof. by []. Qed. Lemma fib_gt0 m: 0 < m -> 0 < fib m. Proof. by elim: m=> [|[|m] IH _] //; rewrite fibSS addn_gt0 IH. Qed. Lemma fib_smonotone m n: 1 < m < n -> fib m < fib n. Proof. elim: n=> [|[|n] IH]; first by rewrite andbF. by case: (ltngtP 1 m). rewrite fibSS andbC; case/andP; rewrite leq_eqVlt; case/orP. by rewrite eqSS; move/eqP=> -> H1m; rewrite -addn1 leq_add2l fib_gt0. by move=> H1m H2m; apply: ltn_addr; apply: IH; rewrite H2m. Qed. Lemma fib_monotone m n: m <= n -> fib m <= fib n. Proof. elim: n=> [|[|n] IH]; first by case: m. by case: m{IH}=> [|[]]. rewrite fibSS leq_eqVlt; case/orP=>[|Hm]; first by move/eqP->. apply: (leq_trans (IH Hm)); exact: leq_addr. Qed. Lemma fib_eq1 n: (fib n == 1) = ((n == 1) || (n == 2)). Proof. case:n => [|[|[|n]]] //;case: eqP => // Hm; have: 1 < 2 < n.+3 by []. by move/fib_smonotone; rewrite Hm. Qed. Lemma fib_eq m n: (fib m == fib n) = [|| m == n, (m == 1) && (n == 2) | (m == 2) && (n == 1)]. Proof. wlog: m n/ m <= n=> [HH|]. case/orP: (leq_total m n)=> Hm; first by exact: HH. by rewrite eq_sym HH // eq_sym ![(_ == 1) && _]andbC [(_ && _) || _] orbC. rewrite leq_eqVlt; case/orP; first by move/eqP->; rewrite !eqxx. case: m=> [|[|m]] Hm. - by rewrite (ltn_eqF (fib_gt0 Hm)) (ltn_eqF Hm). - by rewrite eq_sym fib_eq1 orbF eq_sym. have: 1 < m.+2 < n by []. move/fib_smonotone =>/ltn_eqF ->. by case: n Hm=> [|[|n]] // /ltn_eqF -> //; rewrite andbF. Qed. Lemma fib_add m n: m != 0 -> fib (m + n) = fib m.-1 * fib n + fib m * fib n.+1. Proof. elim: m {-2}m (leqnn m) n=> [[] // _ |m IH m1]. rewrite leq_eqVlt; case/orP=> [|Hm]; last first. by apply: IH; rewrite -ltnS. move/eqP->; case: m IH=> [|[|m]] IH n _. - by rewrite mul1n. - by rewrite add2n fibSS addnC !mul1n. - rewrite 2!addSn fibSS -addSn !IH // addnA [fib _ * _ + _ + _]addnAC. by rewrite -addnA -!mulnDl -!fibSS. Qed. Lemma fib_sub m n: n <= m -> fib (m - n) = if odd n then fib m.+1 * fib n - fib m * fib n.+1 else fib m * fib n.+1 - fib m.+1 * fib n. Proof. elim: m n => [|m IH]; first by case. case=> [|n Hn]; first by rewrite muln0 muln1 !subn0. by rewrite subSS IH //=;case:odd; rewrite !fibSS !mulnDr !mulnDl !subnDA !addKn. Qed. Lemma fib_doubleS n: fib (n.*2.+1) = fib n.+1 ^ 2 + fib n ^ 2. Proof. by rewrite -addnn -addSn fib_add // addnC. Qed. Theorem dvdn_fib m n: m %| n -> fib m %| fib n. Proof. case/dvdnP=> n1 ->. elim: {n}n1 m=> [|m IH] // [|n]; first by rewrite muln0. by rewrite mulSn fib_add // dvdn_add //; [apply dvdn_mull | apply dvdn_mulr]. Qed. Lemma fib_prime p: p != 4 -> prime (fib p) -> prime p. Proof. move=> Dp4 Pp. apply/primeP; split; first by case: (p) Pp => [|[]]. move=> d; case/dvdnP=> k Hp. case/primeP: (Pp); rewrite Hp => _ Hf. case/orP: (Hf _ (dvdn_fib (dvdn_mulr d (dvdnn k)))). rewrite fib_eq1; case/orP; first by move/eqP->; rewrite mul1n eqxx orbT. move/eqP=> Hk. case/orP: (Hf _ (dvdn_fib (dvdn_mull k (dvdnn d)))). rewrite fib_eq1; case/orP; first by move->. by move/eqP=>Hd; case/negP: Dp4; rewrite Hp Hd Hk. rewrite fib_eq; case/or3P; first by move/eqP<-; rewrite eqxx orbT. by case/andP=>->. by rewrite Hk; case: (d)=> [|[|[|]]]. rewrite fib_eq; case/or3P; last by case/andP;move/eqP->; case: (d)=> [|[|]]. rewrite -{1}[k]muln1; rewrite eqn_mul2l; case/orP; move/eqP=> HH. by move: Pp; rewrite Hp HH. by rewrite -HH eqxx. by case/andP; move/eqP->; rewrite mul1n eqxx orbT. Qed. Lemma fib_sum n: \sum_(i < n) fib i = (fib n.+1).-1. Proof. elim:n => [|n IH]; first by rewrite big_ord0. by rewrite big_ord_recr /= IH fibSS; case: fib (fib_gt0 (ltn0Sn n)). Qed. Lemma fib_sum_even n: \sum_(i < n) fib i.*2 = (fib n.*2.-1).-1. Proof. elim:n => [|n IH]; first by rewrite big_ord0. rewrite big_ord_recr IH; case: (n)=> [|n1] //. rewrite (fibSS (n1.*2.+1)) addnC -[(n1.+1).*2.-1]/n1.*2.+1. by case: fib (fib_gt0 (ltn0Sn ((n1.*2)))). Qed. Lemma fib_sum_odd n: \sum_(i < n) fib i.*2.+1 = fib n.*2. Proof. elim:n=> [|n IH]; first by rewrite big_ord0. by rewrite big_ord_recr IH /= addnC -fibSS. Qed. Lemma fib_sum_square n: \sum_(i < n) (fib i)^2 = fib n * fib n.-1. Proof. elim:n=> [|n IH]; first by rewrite big_ord0. rewrite big_ord_recr /= IH. by rewrite -mulnDr addnC; case: (n)=> // n1; rewrite -fibSS mulnC. Qed. Lemma bin_sum_diag n: \sum_(i < n) 'C(n.-1-i,i) = fib n. Proof. elim: n {-2}n (leqnn n)=> [[] // _ |n IH n1]; first by rewrite big_ord0. rewrite leq_eqVlt; case/orP=> [|Hn]; last by apply: IH; rewrite -ltnS. move/eqP->; case: n IH=> [|[|n]] IH. - by rewrite big_ord_recr big_ord0. - by rewrite !big_ord_recr big_ord0. rewrite fibSS -!IH // big_ord_recl bin0 big_ord_recr /= subnn bin0n addn0. set ss := \sum_(i < _) _. rewrite big_ord_recl bin0 -addnA -big_split; congr (_ + _). by apply eq_bigr=> i _ /=; rewrite -binS subSn //; case: i. Qed. (** lucas *) Fixpoint lucas_rec n := if n is n1.+1 then if n1 is n2.+1 then lucas_rec n1 + lucas_rec n2 else 1 else 2. Definition lucas := nosimpl lucas_rec. Lemma lucasE : lucas = lucas_rec. Proof. by []. Qed. Lemma lucas0 : lucas 0 = 2. Proof. by []. Qed. Lemma lucas1 : lucas 1 = 1. Proof. by []. Qed. Lemma lucasSS n: lucas n.+2 = lucas n.+1 + lucas n. Proof. by []. Qed. Lemma lucas_fib n: n != 0 -> lucas n = fib n.+1 + fib n.-1. Proof. elim: n {-2}n (leqnn n)=> [ [] // |n IH n1]. rewrite leq_eqVlt; case/orP=> [|Hn1]; last by apply: IH; rewrite -ltnS. move/eqP->; case: n IH=> [|[|n] IH _] //. by rewrite lucasSS !IH // addnCA -addnA -fibSS addnC. Qed. Lemma lucas_gt0 m: 0 < lucas m. Proof. by elim:m=> [|[|m] IH] //; rewrite lucasSS addn_gt0 IH. Qed. Lemma double_lucas n: 3 <= n -> (lucas n).*2 = fib (n.+3) + fib (n-3). Proof. case:n => [|[|[|n]]] // _ ; rewrite !subSS subn0. rewrite fibSS fibSS -addnA addnAC addnA addnn lucas_fib //= doubleD - addnA. by rewrite (addnC (fib n)) (fibSS n.+1) - addnA -fibSS addnn. Qed. Lemma fib_double_lucas n: fib (n.*2) = fib n * lucas n. Proof. case:n=> [|n]; rewrite // -addnn fib_add // lucas_fib // mulnDr addnC /=. by rewrite (mulnC (fib n)(fib n.+1)). Qed. (** Stuff not in the library *) Definition like_fib F := (forall n, F n.+2 = F n.+1 + F n). Lemma fib_like_fib: like_fib fib. Proof. by move => n; rewrite fibSS. Qed. Lemma lucas_like_fib: like_fib lucas. Proof. by move => n; rewrite lucasSS. Qed. Lemma like_fib_eq F F': like_fib F -> like_fib F' -> F 0 = F' 0 -> F 1 = F' 1 -> F =1 F'. Proof. move => ha hb hc hd n. suff: F n = F' n /\ F n.+1 = F' n.+1 by case. by elim:n => // n [he hf]; split => //; rewrite ha hb he hf. Qed. Lemma is_fib F: like_fib F -> F 0 = 0 -> F 1 = 1 -> F =1 fib. Proof. by move => sa sb sc; apply:like_fib_eq. Qed. Lemma like_fib_mul F c: like_fib F -> like_fib (fun n => c * F n). Proof. by move => h n; rewrite -mulnDr h. Qed. Lemma like_fib_add F F': like_fib F -> like_fib F' -> like_fib (fun n => F n + F' n). Proof. by move => h1 h2 n; rewrite addnACA - h1 - h2. Qed. Lemma like_fib_shift F m: like_fib F -> like_fib(fun n => F (n + m)). Proof. by move => h n; rewrite !addSn h. Qed. Lemma like_fib_succ F: like_fib F -> like_fib(fun n => F (n.+1)). Proof. by move => h n. Qed. Lemma like_fibE F: like_fib F -> forall n, F n.+1 = (F 0) * (fib n) + (F 1) * (fib n.+1). Proof. move => H; apply:like_fib_eq => //=. - exact: like_fib_succ. - by apply: like_fib_add; apply: like_fib_mul. - by rewrite muln0 muln1. - by rewrite H !muln1 addnC. Qed. Lemma like_fib_shiftE F m n: like_fib F -> F (n+m).+1 = F (n.+1)* fib m.+1 + F n * fib m. Proof. move => ha. by rewrite -addnS addnC (like_fibE(like_fib_shift n ha) m) add0n add1n addnC. Qed. Lemma lucasS n: lucas n.+1 = fib n.+1 + (fib n).*2. Proof. by rewrite (like_fibE lucas_like_fib) addnC mul1n mul2n. Qed. Lemma lucas_add m n: lucas (n+m).+1 = lucas (n.+1)* fib m.+1 + lucas n * fib m. Proof. by rewrite (like_fib_shiftE _ _ lucas_like_fib). Qed. Lemma like_fib_lucas F: like_fib F -> F 0 <= 2 * F 1 -> F 1 <= 3 * (F 0) -> forall n, 5 * F n = (3* (F 0) - F 1) * (lucas n) + (2* (F 1) - F 0)* (lucas n.+1). Proof. have Ha:= lucas_like_fib. move => h la lb. move: (subnK la) (subnK lb); set a := _ - _; set b := _ - _ => ea eb. apply:like_fib_eq. + exact: like_fib_mul. + by apply: like_fib_add; apply: like_fib_mul. + apply/eqP; rewrite lucas0 lucas1 muln1 -(eqn_add2l (2 * F 1)) (mulnC b 2). by rewrite addnA - mulnDr (addnC _ b) eb - ea - addnA addnC -mulSn mulnA. + apply/eqP;rewrite lucas1 muln1 -[lucas 2]/3 -(eqn_add2r (3 * F 0)). by rewrite (mulnC a) - addnA - mulnDr ea mulnA (mulSn 5) addnA eb addnC. Qed. Lemma lucas_fib2 n: 5 * fib n.+2 = 3 * lucas n.+1 + lucas n. Proof. by rewrite addnC (like_fib_lucas (F:= fun n => fib n.+2)) // mul1n. Qed. Lemma lucas_fib3 n: 5 * fib n.+1 = lucas n.+1 + (lucas n).*2. Proof. by rewrite (like_fib_lucas (F:= fun n => fib n.+1)) // addnC mul1n mul2n. Qed. Lemma lucas5S n: lucas (n+5) = 5 * lucas n.+1 + 3 * lucas n. Proof. by rewrite addnS lucas_add mulnC (mulnC (lucas n)). Qed. Lemma fib3S n: fib n.+3 = (fib n.+1).*2 + (fib n). Proof. by rewrite fibSS fibSS addnAC addnn. Qed. Lemma lucas3S n: lucas n.+3 = (lucas n.+1).*2 + (lucas n). Proof. by rewrite !lucasSS addnAC addnn. Qed. Lemma fib4S n: fib n.+4 = 3*(fib n.+1) + (fib n).*2. Proof. by rewrite fib3S fibSS doubleD addnAC - mul2n -mulSnr. Qed. Lemma fib_square_succ n: (fib n.+2)^2 = (fib n.+1)^2 + (fib n)*(fib n.+3). Proof. rewrite fibSS sqrnD mulnA mulnC -(mulnn (fib n)) -addnA -mulnDr. by rewrite fibSS fibSS addnAC addnn mul2n (addnC (fib n)). Qed. Lemma fib_double n: fib ((n.+1).*2) = (fib n.+1) *((fib n).*2 + fib (n.+1)). Proof. by rewrite fib_double_lucas lucasS addnC. Qed. Lemma fib_square_n3_n n: fib n.+3 ^ 2 + fib n ^ 2 = (fib (n.*2.+3)).*2. Proof. apply/eqP. rewrite -(eqn_add2l (fib (n.+1).*2.+1)) {1} fib_doubleS addnAC addnA. rewrite (addnC (fib n.+2 ^ 2)) -fib_doubleS -addnA (addnC (fib n ^2)). by rewrite - fib_doubleS !doubleS fib3S - addnA - fibSS addnC. Qed. Lemma lucas_square n: (lucas n)^2 = (if (odd n) then subn else addn) (lucas (n.*2)) 2. Proof. case:n => // n. set b := fib n.+1 ^ 2. rewrite lucas_fib //= lucas_fib // !fib_doubleS - addnA sqrnD. rewrite (addnA b) addnn (addnC b.*2) addnA mul2n. set a := fib n.+2 * fib n; set c := fib n.+2 ^ 2 + fib n ^ 2. move:(fib_sub (leqnSn n)); rewrite mulnn (subSn (leqnn n)) subnn -/b -/a => h. have: (if odd n then a > b else b > a). by case : odd h; rewrite - subn_gt0 => <-. rewrite -[2]/((fib 1).*2) h; case: odd => /= /ltnW/subnK {1} <-. by rewrite - addnA - doubleD [in (_ + _).*2] addnC. by rewrite doubleD addnCA addKn. Qed. Lemma like_fib_bis F: like_fib F -> F 0 <= 2 * F 1 -> forall n, 2 * F n = (F 0) * (lucas n) + (2* (F 1) - F 0)* (fib n). Proof. have Ha:= lucas_like_fib. move => h la. apply:like_fib_eq. + by apply: like_fib_mul. + by apply: like_fib_add; apply: like_fib_mul. + by rewrite mulnC muln0 addn0. + by rewrite !muln1 subnKC. Qed. Lemma fib_pos n: fib (n.+1) = (fib (n.+1)).-1.+1. Proof. by rewrite prednK // fib_gt0 //. Qed. Lemma fib_eq0 n: (fib n == 0) = (n == 0). Proof. by case: n => [|n]=> //=; rewrite eqn0Ngt fib_gt0. Qed. Lemma fib_gen n: n <= fib n.+1. Proof. case:n => //; elim => // n; rewrite - ltnS => ha. by apply:(leq_trans ha); apply:(fib_smonotone); rewrite /=! ltnS. Qed. Lemma fib_monotone_bis a b: fib a < fib b -> a < b. Proof. by rewrite ltnNge; case: (ltnP a b) => // /fib_monotone ->. Qed. Lemma fib_smonotone_bis a b: a < b -> fib a.+2 < fib b.+2. Proof. by move => h; apply:fib_smonotone; rewrite !ltnS h. Qed. Lemma fib_sum_bound a b n: a <= fib n.+1 -> b <= fib n -> a + b = fib n.+2 -> (a = fib n.+1) /\ (b = fib n). Proof. move => sa sb /esym /eqP; rewrite fibSS -(subnK sa) -(subnK sb) addnACA. by rewrite -{2}(add0n (a+b)) eqn_add2r addn_eq0 => /andP [] /eqP -> /eqP ->. Qed. Lemma fib_ge2_alt n: fib n.+3 = (fib n.+3).-2.+2. Proof. by rewrite -subn2 -(addn2 (fib n.+3 - 2)) subnK // (fib_smonotone_bis (a:=0)). Qed. Lemma fib_partition a b x: fib a <= x < fib a.+1 -> fib b <= x < fib b.+1 -> a = b. Proof. move => /andP[ha hb] /andP[hc hd]; apply /eqP; rewrite eqn_leq. move: (leq_ltn_trans ha hd) => /fib_monotone_bis; rewrite ltnS => ->. by move: (leq_ltn_trans hc hb) => /fib_monotone_bis; rewrite ltnS => ->. Qed. Lemma lucas_smonotone m n: 0 < m < n -> lucas m < lucas n. Proof. elim: n=> [|[|n] IH]; first by rewrite andbF. by rewrite ltnS ltnNge; case:leq. rewrite lucasSS andbC; case/andP; rewrite leq_eqVlt; case/orP. by rewrite eqSS; move/eqP=> -> H1m; rewrite -addn1 leq_add // lucas_gt0. by move=> H1m H2m; apply: ltn_addr; apply: IH; rewrite // H2m. Qed. Lemma lucas_monotone m n: 0 < m <= n -> lucas m <= lucas n. Proof. rewrite (leq_eqVlt m); case h: (m==n); first by rewrite (eqP h) leqnn. by move/lucas_smonotone => /ltnW. Qed. Lemma lucas_injective: injective lucas. Proof. move => m n; wlog: m n / m < n. move => h;case: (ltngtP m n) => //; first by apply:h. by move => ha hb; symmetry;apply: h. move => lt1;case:(posnP m) => mp sv; last first. have h: 0 < m < n by rewrite mp lt1. by move:(ltn_eqF (lucas_smonotone h)); rewrite sv eqxx. move: lt1 sv; rewrite mp lucas0; case: n => [|[| n]] // _ ha. have: 0 < 2 <= n.+2 by []. by move/lucas_monotone; rewrite - ha. Qed. Lemma lucas_injective_bis a b: (lucas a == lucas b) = (a== b). Proof. case h: (a== b); first by rewrite (eqP h) eqxx. by apply/negP => /eqP/lucas_injective /eqP; rewrite h. Qed. Lemma lucas_smonotoneE m n: lucas m < lucas n = [|| (0< m < n), (m==1) && (n== 0)| (m == 0) && (2<= n )]. Proof. case nz: (n==0). rewrite (eqP nz) /= leqn0; case: m => [|[|m]] //. move: (leq_add (lucas_gt0 m.+1) (lucas_gt0 m)); rewrite - lucasSS eqSS /=. by rewrite ltnNge => ->. case mz: (m==0). rewrite (eqP mz) /= lucas0; move: nz; case: n => [|[| n]] // _. by rewrite !ltnS leq0n -[3]/(lucas 2) lucas_monotone. rewrite andbF /= orbF; case: (ltnP m n) => h. by rewrite lucas_smonotone ?h lt0n mz. by rewrite ltnNge lucas_monotone lt0n ?mz // nz h. Qed. Lemma lucas_monotoneE m n: lucas m <= lucas n = [|| m== n, 0< m < n, (m==1) && (n== 0)| (m == 0) && (2<= n )]. Proof. by rewrite leq_eqVlt lucas_injective_bis lucas_smonotoneE. Qed. Lemma lucas_monotone2 n p: p <= n -> lucas (n - p) <= lucas (n + p). Proof. move/subnK => {2} <-; rewrite -addnA addnn lucas_monotoneE. case pz:(p==0); first by rewrite (eqP pz) addn0 eqxx. have p2: 2 <= p.*2 by rewrite (leq_double 1 p) lt0n pz. rewrite (ltn_paddr _ (ltnW p2)) andbT lt0n (leq_trans p2 (leq_addl _ p.*2)). by case np: (n-p==0);rewrite ? orbT. Qed. Lemma lucas_ge2 n: n !=1 -> lucas n = (lucas n).-2.+2. Proof. case:n => //; case => // n _. rewrite - subn2 - (addn2 (lucas n.+2 - 2)) subnK => //. apply: ltnW. by rewrite (lucas_monotone (m :=2)). Qed. Lemma lucas_square' n: lucas (n.*2) = (if (odd n) then addn else subn) ( (lucas n)^2) 2. Proof. rewrite lucas_square; case: odd; rewrite /= ? addn2 ? subn2 // lucas_ge2 //. by case:n. Qed. Lemma lucas_pow2_odd n: odd (lucas (2^n)). Proof. elim: n => // n on; rewrite expn2S lucas_square'; case: n on=> // n. rewrite expn2S odd_double odd_sub; set m := lucas _. by rewrite odd_exp => ->//. rewrite -{1} [1]/(1^2) ltn_exp2r // /m lucas_ge2 //. by apply/negP => /eqP; move/(f_equal odd); rewrite odd_double. Qed. Lemma lucas_pow2_mod4 n: lucas (2^(n.+1)) = 3 %[mod 4]. Proof. case: n => // n; rewrite expn2S lucas_square' {1} expn2S odd_double. have aux:= (square_odd_mod4(lucas_pow2_odd n.+1)). have hh: (2 ^ n.+1) != 1. by apply/negP => /eqP; move/(f_equal odd); rewrite expn2S odd_double. by apply/eqP; rewrite -(eqn_modDr 2) subnK ? aux // (ltn_sqr 1) (lucas_ge2 hh). Qed. Lemma coprimeSn_fib n: coprime (fib n) (fib n.+1) . Proof. by elim:n =>// h; rewrite /coprime fibSS gcdnDl gcdnC. Qed. Lemma gcd_fib n m:gcdn (fib n) (fib m) = fib (gcdn n m). Proof. move: (leq_maxl n m) (leq_maxr n m);move:(maxn _ _)=> k. elim: k n m; [ by case; [case |] | move => max Hrec n m le1 le2 ]. wlog lmn: n m le1 le2 / n < m. move => H; case: (ltngtP n m) => aux; first by apply: H. by rewrite gcdnC (gcdnC n); apply: H. by rewrite aux !gcdnn. case (posnP n); first by move => ->; rewrite! gcd0n. move:(subnK (ltnW lmn));set r := m - n => eq1 np. move:(lmn); rewrite - subn_gt0 lt0n => rnz. move:(ltn_sub2l (ltn_trans np lmn) np); rewrite subn0 => ha. rewrite -eq1 gcdnDr fib_add // gcdnMDl (Gauss_gcdl _ (coprimeSn_fib n)). by rewrite Hrec // - ltnS; apply: (leq_trans _ le2). Qed. Lemma mod3_small n: (n %% 3) < 3. Proof. by rewrite ltn_pmod. Qed. Lemma fib_is_even_mod3 n: odd (fib n) = (n %%3 !=0). Proof. move: (gcd_fib n 3); rewrite - (gcdn_modl n) gcd_n2. move:(mod3_small n);case:(n %% 3) => [|[|[| k]]] //= _; case: odd => //. Qed. Lemma lucas_is_even_mod3 n: odd (lucas n) = (n %%3 !=0). Proof. rewrite - fib_is_even_mod3; case:n => // n. by rewrite lucasS odd_add odd_double addbF. Qed. Lemma gcd_lucas_fib1 n: gcdn (lucas n.+1) (fib n.+1) = fib (gcdn n.+1 3). Proof. have h: coprime (fib n.+1) (fib n) by rewrite coprime_sym coprimeSn_fib. by rewrite /coprime gcdnC lucasS gcdnDl - muln2 Gauss_gcdr //(gcd_fib _ 3). Qed. Lemma gcd_lucas_fib2 n: (n %%3 ==0) -> gcdn (lucas n) (fib n) = 2. Proof. by case: n => // n H; rewrite gcd_lucas_fib1 - (gcdn_modl) (eqP H). Qed. Lemma gcd_lucas_fib3 n: (n %%3 !=0) -> coprime (lucas n) (fib n). Proof. case: n => // n H; rewrite /coprime gcd_lucas_fib1 - (gcdn_modl). by move: (mod3_small n.+1) H; case: (n.+1 %% 3) => [|[ | [| ]]]. Qed. Lemma fib_mod3 n: 3 %| (fib n) = (4 %| n). Proof. pose p n := (3 %| fib n) = (4 %| n). suff: [/\ p n, p n.+1, p n.+2 & p n.+3] by case. elim: n => // n [ha hb hc hd]; split => //. move: ha;rewrite /p fib4S - (addn4 n) /dvdn modnDr mulnC modnMDl. move => <-; rewrite - addnn - modnDm. by move: (mod3_small (fib n)); case: (fib n %% 3) => [|[|[| m]]]. Qed. Lemma lucas_mod3 n: 3 %| (lucas n) = (n== 2 %[mod 4]). Proof. case:n => [| [| n ]] //. rewrite -{3} (add0n 2) - {2} (addn2 n) eqn_modDr - (add1n n) lucas_add /dvdn. rewrite mul1n mulnC modnMDl; exact:fib_mod3. Qed. Lemma sum_fib_pascal n: \sum_(in [He Ho]; split. rewrite big_ord_recl muln0 add0n doubleS fibSS - Ho. have ->: fib n.*2 = \sum_(i < n.+1) 'C(n, i.+1) * fib i.+1. rewrite -He big_ord_recl big_ord_recr muln0 add0n bin_small //. by rewrite addnC -big_split; apply:eq_bigr=> i _ /=; rewrite - mulnDl/= binS. rewrite doubleS fibSS fibSS -Ho - He big_ord_recl bin0 muln1 /=. transitivity (\sum_(i < n.+1) 'C(n, i) * fib (bump 0 i).+1 + \sum_(i < n.+2) 'C(n, i) * fib i.+1). rewrite (big_ord_recl (n.+1)) bin0 muln1 [RHS] addnC - addnA; congr addn. by rewrite -big_split; apply:eq_bigr=> i _ /=; rewrite - mulnDl/= binS. rewrite (big_ord_recr (n.+1)) bin_small //= addn0;congr addn. by rewrite -big_split; apply:eq_bigr=> i _ /=; rewrite - mulnDr/= fibSS. Qed. Lemma fib_lt_lucas n: n != 0 -> fib n <= lucas n ?= iff (n==1). Proof. move => h; rewrite (lucas_fib h); move: h; case:n => // n _. rewrite fibSS /= - addnA addnn eqSS; apply/leqifP. by case:(posnP n) => np; rewrite ? np // ltn_paddr // double_gt0 fib_gt0. Qed. Lemma lucas_ge_2fib n: 2 <= n -> (fib n).*2 <= lucas n. Proof. case:n => [|[| n]] //_; rewrite lucas_fib // -addnn (fibSS n.+1). rewrite {2} fibSS addnA leq_add2l fib_monotone //=. Qed. Lemma lucas_lt_fib n: n != 0 -> lucas n <= fib n.+2 ?= iff (n==2). Proof. move => h; rewrite (lucas_fib h) fibSS; apply/leqifP. move:h; case:n =>[ | [| [| n]]] //= _ ;rewrite ltn_add2l fib_smonotone //=. Qed. Lemma fib_mon1 n: 2 <= n -> 3* fib n <= 2 * fib n.+1. Proof. case: n => [|[|n _]]//; rewrite (fibSS n.+1)mulnDr mulSnr leq_add2l. by rewrite fibSS mul2n - addnn leq_add2l fib_monotone. Qed. Lemma lucas_mon1 n: 3 <= n -> 3* lucas n <= 2 * lucas n.+1. Proof. case: n => [|[|n ]]//;rewrite (lucasSS n.+1) mulnDr mulSnr leq_add2l !ltnS => h. rewrite lucasSS mul2n - addnn leq_add2l lucas_monotone ?h //=. Qed. Lemma fib_square_bound n: 2 <= n -> fib n.*2 < (fib n.+1)^2 < fib n.*2.+1. Proof. move => ha;rewrite fib_doubleS -{2}(addn0 ((fib n.+1)^2)) ltn_add2l sqrn_gt0. rewrite (fib_gt0 (ltnW ha)) andbT. rewrite -(ltn_add2l (fib n.+1 * (fib n).*2)) -mulnn -mulnDr. rewrite -fib_double doubleS fibSS ltn_add2r fib_doubleS -muln2 mulnA mulnC. have hb: fib n < fib n.+1 by rewrite fib_smonotone // ha leqnn. by move/leqifP:(nat_Cauchy (fib n.+1) (fib n)); rewrite (gtn_eqF hb). Qed. Lemma lucas_square_bound n: 3 <= n -> fib n.*2.+1 < (lucas n)^2 < fib n.*2.+2. Proof. rewrite lucas_square. have ha k: 2 < fib k .+1.+4 by rewrite (fib_smonotone_bis (a:=1)) //. case: (odd_dichot n) => -> /=; rewrite odd_double /=. case: (n./2) => //k _; rewrite !doubleS lucas_fib //;have hb:= (ha k.*2.*2). rewrite -(subnK (ltnW hb)) addnA addnK ltn_paddr ? subn_gt0 //. rewrite (fibSS (k.*2).*2.+4.+2) ltn_add2l (fibSS (k.*2).*2.+4). by apply /(leq_ltn_trans (leq_subr 2 _)) /ltn_paddr /fib_gt0. case:(n./2) => [// | [// | m _]]. rewrite !doubleS lucas_fib //; set k := (m.*2).*2.+4.+2. by rewrite - addnA {1} addn2 ltn_paddr //= (fibSS k.+2) (fibSS k) !ltn_add2l ha. Qed. Lemma fib_lt_exp n: 2 <= n -> fib n.+2 < 2^n. Proof. move/ subnK => <-. pose p k := fib (k + 2).+2 < 2 ^ (k + 2). suff: p (n-2) /\ p (n-2).+1 by case. elim: {n} (n -2) => // k [ha hb]; split => //. move:(leq_add hb (ltnW ha));rewrite /p !addSn - fibSS => sa. apply: (leq_trans sa). by rewrite (expnS _ _.+1) mul2n -addnn leq_add2l leq_exp2l. Qed. (* -- *) Lemma fib_lucas1 j k: j <= k -> lucas j * fib k = (if (odd j) then subn else addn) (fib (k + j)) (fib (k - j)). Proof. case:j; first by rewrite /= addn0 subn0 mul2n addnn. move => j;rewrite leq_eqVlt; case/orP => ljk. rewrite (eqP ljk) mulnC - fib_double_lucas addnn subnn fib0. by case: odd => //; rewrite subn0. have hb: 0 < fib (k - j.+1) by rewrite fib_gt0 //subn_gt0. have ha:=(fib_sub (ltnW ljk)). rewrite mulnC lucas_fib // (addnC k) fib_add // mulnDr addnC. rewrite (mulnC _ (fib k)) (mulnC _ (fib k.+1)); move: ha; simpl. case:odd => /= ha; rewrite ha. by rewrite - addnA subnKC // ltnW // -subn_gt0 -ha. have hc : fib k * fib j.+2 < fib k.+1 * fib j.+1 by rewrite - subn_gt0 -ha. by rewrite - {1} (subnKC (ltnW hc)) addnA addnK. Qed. Lemma fib_lucas2 j k: k <= j -> lucas j * fib k = (if (odd k) then addn else subn) (fib (k + j)) (fib (j - k)). Proof. case:j; first by rewrite leqn0 => /eqP ->. move => j;rewrite leq_eqVlt; case/orP => ljk. rewrite (eqP ljk) mulnC - fib_double_lucas addnn subnn fib0. by case:odd; rewrite ? subn0. have hb: 0 < fib (j.+1 - k) by rewrite fib_gt0 //subn_gt0. rewrite addnC fib_add // lucas_fib // mulnDl // addnC. move: (fib_sub (ltnW ljk))=> ha; rewrite ha /=;move: ha; case:odd => ha. by rewrite -addnA subnKC // ltnW // -subn_gt0 -ha. have: (fib j.+2 * fib k < fib j.+1 * fib k.+1) by rewrite - subn_gt0 -ha. by move => /ltnW/subnKC {1} <-; rewrite addnA addnK. Qed. Lemma lucas_lucas1 p n: p <= n -> lucas n * lucas p = (if (odd p) then subn else addn) (lucas (n + p)) (lucas (n - p)). Proof. case: n; first by rewrite leqn0 => /eqP -> //. move => n; rewrite leq_eqVlt; case/orP; rewrite ?ltnS => ha. by rewrite - (eqP ha) addnn subnn mulnn lucas_square. rewrite mulnC (@lucas_fib n.+1) //= mulnDr subSn //. rewrite (fib_lucas1 (leqW (leqW ha))) (fib_lucas1 ha) lucas_fib //lucas_fib //. rewrite (subSn (leqW ha)) (subSn ha) addSn addSn /=. case:odd; last by rewrite addnACA. have hb:=leq_BD n p. have/subnK {2}<-: fib (n - p) <= fib (n + p) by apply: fib_monotone. have: fib (n - p).+2 <= fib (n + p).+2 by apply: fib_monotone; rewrite !ltnS. by move/subnK => {2} <-; rewrite addnACA addnK. Qed. Lemma lucas_lucas2 p n: p <= n -> 5 * fib n * fib p = (if (odd p) then addn else subn) (lucas (n + p)) (lucas (n - p)). Proof. elim: p {-2} p (leqnn p) => [p|p IHp p0]. by rewrite leqn0; move/eqP=>-> /=; rewrite /= addn0 subn0 subnn. rewrite leq_eqVlt; case/orP=> [|Hn1]; last by apply: IHp; rewrite - ltnS. move /eqP => -> lnp. case wwa: (p == 0). move: lnp; rewrite (eqP wwa) => /subnK {1 2} <- /=. by rewrite muln1 addn1 addn1 lucasSS - addnA addnn lucas_fib3. case wwb: (p == 1). move: lnp; rewrite (eqP wwb) => /subnK {1 2} <- /=. set x := lucas (n - 2).+1. rewrite addn2 addn2 3!lucasSS muln1 lucas_fib2 (addnC x) - (addnA _ x x). by rewrite addnn - addnACA -mul2n -(mulSnr 2 x) - addnA addKn addnC. have Hg: (lucas (n - p.+1).+2).*2 = lucas (n - p.+1) + lucas (n - p.+1).+3. by rewrite addnC [in RHS] lucasSS - addnA -lucasSS addnn. case: (odd_dichot p) => pv; rewrite pv /= odd_double /=. case (posnP p./2) => ww; first by move: wwb; rewrite pv ww. move: (prednK ww) => eq1. have Ha: (p./2.-1).*2 < p by rewrite {2} pv ltnS leq_double leq_pred. have Hb: (p./2.-1).*2 < n by rewrite (ltn_trans Ha lnp). have Hc: (p./2).*2 <= p by apply: double_half_le. have Hd:= (leq_trans Hc (ltnW lnp)). have He: (p./2.-1).*2.+4 <= n by rewrite - doubleS eq1 - pv. rewrite fibSS mulnDr -{1} eq1 doubleS fibSS - doubleS eq1. rewrite mulnDr addnAC addnn IHp // IHp // /= !odd_double /=. rewrite - {1 2 5 6} eq1 doubleS ! addnS 2! [in RHS] lucasSS addnAC addnn. rewrite - {2 4}(subnK He) -2!addSnnS addnK - addSnnS addnK -doubleS eq1 -pv. set A := (lucas (n + (p./2.-1).*2).+2).*2. have lt1: lucas (n - p.+1) + lucas (n - p.+1).+3 <= A. rewrite - Hg /A leq_double; apply: lucas_monotone => /=. by apply: (@leq_trans n.+2); rewrite !ltnS ? leq_subr // ?leq_addr. move/ (leq_sub2r (lucas (n - p.+1))): (lt1); rewrite addKn => lt2. rewrite doubleB Hg subnDA addnC - addnA subnKC // [in RHS] addnC - addnBA //. apply: leq_trans lt1; apply leq_addr. case (posnP p./2) => ww; first by move: wwa; rewrite pv ww. move: (prednK ww) => eq1; rewrite - eq1 doubleS. have Ha: (p./2.-1).*2 < p by rewrite {2} pv ltn_double eq1. have Hc := leq_trans Ha (ltnW lnp). have Hb:= ltnW Ha; have Hd:= ltnW Hc. have Ht: (n - (p./2.-1).*2) = (n-p.+1).+3. by rewrite -3! subSS - doubleS eq1 - pv -{1} (subnK lnp) - 3!addSn addnK. have He: lucas (n - p.+1).+3 <= lucas (n + (p./2.-1).*2). apply: lucas_monotone; rewrite /= - Ht; apply: leq_BD. have Hf: (p./2.-1).*2.+3 <= n by rewrite -doubleS eq1 - pv. rewrite fibSS fibSS addnC addnA addnn mulnDr - doubleMr IHp // IHp //=. rewrite odd_double /= doubleD !addnS lucasSS lucasSS [ X in _ = X + _] addnAC. have ->: (n - (p./2.-1).*2.+3) = n - p.+1 by rewrite - doubleS eq1 - pv. have ->: (n - (p./2.-1).*2.+1) = (n-p.+1).+2. by rewrite -2! subSS - doubleS eq1 - pv -{1} (subnK lnp) - 2!addSn addnK. rewrite addnn -!addnA Ht (addnBA _ He) Hg; congr addn. by rewrite addnC addnA addnK. Qed. Lemma lucas_lucas3 n p: (lucas (n + p)).*2 = lucas n * lucas p + 5 * fib n * fib p. Proof. wlog cp: n p / p <= n. move => H; case/orP: (leq_total p n); first by apply:H. by move => ha; rewrite addnC mulnC mulnAC H. have ha:= (lucas_monotone2 cp). rewrite (lucas_lucas2 cp) (lucas_lucas1 cp) - addnn. by case: odd; [rewrite addnCA subnK | rewrite -addnA subnKC ]. Qed. Lemma lucas_lucas4 n p: (fib (n + p)).*2 = lucas n * fib p + lucas p * fib n. Proof. wlog le1: n p / p <= n. move => H; case/orP: (leq_total p n); first by apply:H. by move => ha; rewrite addnC H // addnC. have ha: fib (n - p) <= fib (n + p) by apply: fib_monotone; apply:leq_BD. rewrite (fib_lucas1 le1) (fib_lucas2 le1) -addnn (addnC p). by case: odd; [ rewrite - addnA subnKC | rewrite addnCA subnK]. Qed. Lemma lucas_is_square n x: (lucas n) == x^2 = ((n==1) &&(x==1 )) || (n==3) && (x==2). Proof. apply/idP/idP; last by case/orP => /andP[/eqP -> /eqP ->]. have Hb:[\/ x ^2 == 0 %[mod 8], (x ^2 == 1 %[mod 8]) | x ^2 == 4 %[mod 8] ]. have H a b: (a.*2.*2 +b)^2 = b ^2 %[mod 8]. rewrite sqrnD addnAC -2!mul2n mulnA expnMn -[(2 * 2) ^ 2]/(8 * 2). by rewrite 2! (mulnA 2) -[2*(2*2)]/8 - 2!mulnA - mulnDr mulnC modnMDl. case:(odd_dichot x); case:(odd_dichot x./2)=> -> ->; set y := x./2./2. - by constructor 2; rewrite doubleS - addn3 H. - by constructor 2; rewrite - addn1 H. - by constructor 3; rewrite doubleS - addn2 H. - by constructor 1; rewrite - (addn0 (y.*2).*2) H. have Ha a b: lucas (12 * a + b) = lucas b %[mod 8]. suff Hc c: lucas (12 + c) = lucas c %[mod 8]. by elim: a => // a hr; rewrite mulnS -addnA Hc hr. case:c => // c. rewrite addnS addnC lucas_add fibSS addnC mulnDr addnA -mulnDl. rewrite -[fib 12]/(18 *8) mulnA modnMDl -[fib 11]/(11*8 +1). by rewrite mulnDr mulnA modnMDl muln1. move: (divn_eq n 12); set a := n %/ 12; set b := n %% 12 => nv. move => eq1; case:(odd_dichot n) => eq2; last first. move:(lucas_square n./2); rewrite - eq2 (eqP eq1);case: odd. move => h; case:(ltnP (x^2) 2) => sa. move: h; rewrite (eqP (ltnW sa)) => sb. by move: (lucas_gt0 n./2); rewrite - ltn_sqr sb. by move:(subnK sa); rewrite - h => /square_plus2_square. by move/esym /square_plus2_square. have ob: odd b. move: (f_equal odd nv);rewrite eq2 /= -[12]/(6.*2)odd_add odd_mul !odd_double. by rewrite andbF /=. have Hc: ((b==1) || (b==3) || (b== 9)). move: (Ha a b); move: (ltn_pmod n (ltn0Sn 11)). rewrite mulnC -nv (eqP eq1) -/b; move: ob Hb; clear. case:b => [| [|[|[|[| [| [|[|[|[| [| [| ]]]]]]] ]]]]] // _ Hb _. - by rewrite -[lucas 5]/(3 + 1 *8) addnC modnMDl => w; case Hb; rewrite w. - by rewrite -[lucas 7]/(5 + 3 *8) addnC modnMDl => w; case Hb; rewrite w. - by rewrite -[lucas 11]/(7 + 24 *8) addnC modnMDl => w; case Hb; rewrite w. set y := lucas (3*a + 4). have: lucas (12 * a + 9) = y * (y^2 +1). Abort. Lemma lucas_n_fib_mod5 n: n * lucas n == fib n %[mod 5]. Proof. pose Y n := n * lucas n - fib n. have Hx m: m != 0 -> fib m <= m * lucas m. move => h; apply:(@leq_trans (lucas m)); first by apply:fib_lt_lucas. by apply:leq_pmull; rewrite lt0n. have Ha: forall n, n != 0 -> n * lucas n = fib n + Y n. move => m /Hx h; rewrite /Y subnKC //. have Hb x y z: x + z = y -> x = y - z by move => <-; rewrite addnK. have Hc a b: a = 0 %[mod 5] -> b = 0 %[mod 5] -> a.*2+b = 0 %[mod 5]. by move => sa sb; rewrite - modnDm - addnn - (modnDm a a 5) sa sb mod0n. have Hd a b: a = 0 %[mod 5] -> b = 0 %[mod 5] -> a-b = 0 %[mod 5]. move => sa sb; case/orP:(leq_total a b); first by rewrite -subn_eq0 => /eqP->. by move/subnKC=> sc; move: sa; rewrite -{1}sc -modnDm sb mod0n add0n modn_mod. suff Hf : forall m, Y m.+4 = ((Y m.+3).*2 + Y m.+2) - ((Y m.+1).*2 + Y m). case nz:(n== 0); rewrite ? (eqP nz) // -(addn0 (fib n)) Ha ? nz // eqn_modDl. suff: (forall k, k <= n.+3 -> Y k = 0 %[mod 5]). by move => h; apply/eqP /h /ltnW /ltnW. clear nz;elim: n; first by case => [|[|[|[| ]]]]. move => n Hrec k. have ha: n < n.+3 by apply/ltnW/ltnW. have hb := (ltnW ha). rewrite (leq_eqVlt); case/orP; last by rewrite ltnS; apply: Hrec. move => /eqP ->; rewrite Hf; apply: Hd; apply: Hc;apply: Hrec => //. have He m: m!=0 -> (Y m.+1).*2 + Y m = (m.+1 * lucas m.+1).*2 + m * lucas m - ((fib m.+1).*2 + fib m). move => h; apply: Hb. rewrite addnACA -doubleD (addnC (Y m)) - Ha // (addnC (Y m.+1)) - Ha //. move => m; case mz: (m==0); first by rewrite (eqP mz). have mz' := (negbT mz). set x1 := (m.+1 * lucas m.+1).*2 + m * lucas m. set x2 := (fib m.+1).*2 + fib m. set x3 := (m.+3 * lucas m.+3).*2 + m.+2 * lucas m.+2. set x4 := (fib m.+3).*2 + fib m.+2. have la: x2 <= x1 by rewrite /x1 /x2; apply: leq_add; rewrite ? leq_double Hx. apply: (Hb); rewrite ! He //; apply: (Hb);rewrite addnAC (addnBA _ la). symmetry;apply:(Hb);rewrite -/x3 -/x4 - addnA [RHS]addnC (addnBA _ (Hx _ _)) //. apply:Hb;rewrite /x1 /x2 /x3 /x4; clear. rewrite (addnC _ ((fib m.+1).*2 + fib m)) addnAC - [in RHS] addnA; congr addn. by rewrite -fib3S - fib3S addnC -fibSS. rewrite {1} [m.+3] (addnC 3 m) {1} [m.+4] (addnC 4 m) !mulnDl doubleD doubleMr. rewrite addnAC {2} [m.+2] (addnC 2 m) mulnDl addnA - mulnDr (mulSn m) addnA. rewrite - (addnA _.*2) - mulnDr doubleD (doubleMr m) - (addnA _.*2) - mulnDr. rewrite (addnC (lucas m.+1).*2) -addnA - addnA; congr (m *_ + _). by rewrite -lucas3S addnA - lucas3S addnC -lucasSS. (* alt proof: have h := like_fib_lucas. rewrite -2!mul2n mulnA - (addn4 m) -(addn3 m) -(addn2 m) - (addn1 m). by move:m; apply: like_fib_eq => //; apply: like_fib_add; apply:like_fib_mul;apply:like_fib_shift. *) rewrite -(mulnA 2 2) ! mul2n - !doubleD; congr double. rewrite (lucasSS m.+2) doubleD addnA addnAC mulSn mul2n addnA; congr addn. by rewrite addnC - lucasSS lucas3S addnC. Qed. Section DiophanteEquation. Definition DE_eq1 c d := c^2 = d^2 + c*d + 1. Definition DE_eq2 c d := c^2 +1 = d^2 + c*d. Lemma DE2_rec c d: DE_eq2 c d <-> DE_eq2 (c.*2 +d) (c+d). Proof. rewrite /DE_eq2 -{1}addnn -addnA (addnC c) sqrnD -addnA -addnA (addnC(_ * _) 1). rewrite (addnA (c^2)) mul2n doubleMr (addnC (_ + 1)) (mulnC _ c.*2) addnA. rewrite mulnDl (addnA ((c + d) ^ 2)) (addnC (d^2)) mulnC - mulnn -mulnDr. by split; [ move => -> | move/eqP; rewrite eqn_add2l => /eqP]. Qed. Lemma DE2_lt0d c d: DE_eq2 c d -> 0 h;case:(posnP d) => dp //. by move /eqP: h; rewrite dp muln0 addn0 exp0n // addn_eq0 andbF. Qed. Lemma DE2_pos c d: 0 < c -> DE_eq2 c d -> d <= c < d.*2. Proof. move => ha hb. move: (leq_mul ha (DE2_lt0d hb)); rewrite -(leq_add2l (d^2)) - hb. rewrite leq_add2r leq_exp2r // => -> /=. case: (ltnP c d.*2) => // hc. have ea: 4 * d^2 <= c^2 by rewrite -[4]/(2^2) -(expnMn 2) mul2n leq_exp2r. have eb: 4 * (c * d) <= 2 * c^2. by rewrite -[4]/(2*2) mulnACA (mul2n d) -mulnn mulnA leq_mul2l hc orbT. move: (leq_add ea eb); rewrite -mulnDr -hb mulnDr -mulSn mulSnr. by rewrite -[X in _ <= X](addn0) -addnA leq_add2l addnS ltn0. Qed. Lemma DE2_rec' c d: 0 < c -> DE_eq2 c d -> DE_eq2 (c-d) (d.*2-c). Proof. move => cp h. move /andP:(DE2_pos cp h) => [ea eb];apply/DE2_rec. have xv:=(subnK ea). move/eqP: (subnK (ltnW eb)); rewrite -addnn - {2}xv addnA eqn_add2r addnC. by rewrite -addnn -addnA;move/eqP ->; rewrite xv. Qed. Lemma DE2_solution c d: DE_eq2 c d <-> (c=0 /\ d = 1) \/ exists n, c = fib n.*2.+2 /\ d = fib n.*2.+1. Proof. split; last first. case; [ by move => [-> ->] | move => [n [-> ->]]]. by elim:n => // n /DE2_rec; rewrite - fib3S - fibSS !doubleS. elim: c d {-2} c (leqnn c). move => d c; rewrite leqn0 /DE_eq2 => /eqP ->. rewrite {1} /expn /= addn0 add0n -{1} [1]/(1^2). by move/eqP; rewrite eqn_sqr => /eqP ->; left. move => n Hrec d c. rewrite leq_eqVlt ltnS; case /orP => [ha hb | le]; [right | by apply:Hrec ]. have cp: 0 < c by rewrite (eqP ha). move /andP: (DE2_pos cp hb) => [la lb]. have hc:= (DE2_rec' cp hb). have he: c - d <= n by rewrite (eqP ha) -(prednK (DE2_lt0d hb)) subSS leq_subr. move: (subnK (ltnW lb)) (subnK la); set a := c -d; set b := d.*2 - c => xv yv. have ra: d = a + b. by apply/eqP; rewrite - (eqn_add2r d) addnn - xv addnAC yv addnC. have rb: c = a.*2 + b by rewrite - yv ra addnA addnn. case: (Hrec _ _ he hc). by move => [sa sb]; exists 0; rewrite ra rb /a/b sa sb. move => [m [sa sb]]; exists m.+1. by rewrite ra rb /a/b sa sb -fibSS -fib3S !doubleS. Qed. Lemma DE_equiv_12 c d: DE_eq1 c d <-> DE_eq2 (c+d) c. Proof. rewrite /DE_eq2 sqrnD mulnDl mulnn (mulnC d) -addnA mul2n -addnn (addnAC _ _ 1). rewrite addnA -(addnA (c^2)) (addnA (d^2)) addnAC addnC. by split; [ move => -> | move/eqP; rewrite eqn_add2r => /eqP ]. Qed. Lemma DE1_solution c d: DE_eq1 c d <-> exists n, c = fib n.*2.+1 /\ d = fib n.*2. Proof. split; last first. move => [n [-> ->]];apply /DE_equiv_12; rewrite - fibSS. by apply/DE2_solution; right; exists n. case/DE_equiv_12/DE2_solution => [[/eqP] | [n [sa sb]]]. by rewrite addn_eq0 => /andP[/eqP ->]. by exists n; move/eqP: sa; rewrite fibSS - sb eqn_add2l => /eqP ->. Qed. Lemma DE1_sol n: (fib n.*2.+1)^2 = (fib n.*2)^2 + (fib n.*2.+1)*(fib n.*2) + 1. Proof. by apply/DE1_solution; exists n. Qed. Lemma DE2_sol n: (fib n.*2.+2)^2 + 1 = (fib n.*2.+1)^2 + (fib n.*2.+2)*(fib n.*2.+1). Proof. by apply/DE2_solution; right; exists n. Qed. Definition DE_eq3 y z := (z^2 == (y.+1)^2 + (y.*2)^2). Definition DE_eq4 y z := (z^2 == (y.-1)^2 + (y.*2)^2). Lemma DE_eq3_solution y z: DE_eq3 y z <-> (exists n, y = fib n.*2 * fib n.*2.+1 /\ z = fib (n.*2).*2.+1). Proof. split; last first. move => [n [-> ->]]; rewrite /DE_eq3 fib_doubleS. set a := fib n.*2.+1; set b := fib n.*2. have lea: b^2 <= a ^2 by rewrite leq_sqr fib_monotone. rewrite (sqrnD_sub' lea) -expnMn -[4]/(2^2) -expnMn mul2n mulnC addnC. rewrite eqn_add2r eqn_sqr -(eqn_add2r (b^2)) subnK // addnC. by rewrite -(addn1 (_ * _)) addnA mulnC - DE1_sol. case: (posnP y) => lt1 h. rewrite lt1; exists 0; split => //; rewrite fib1. by move: h; rewrite /DE_eq3 lt1 addn0 eqn_sqr => /eqP. set r := gcdn y.+1 y.*2. have: (y.+1)^2 + (y.*2)^2 = z^2 by rewrite (eqP h). case/pythagore_tripleB. + by move => []. + by move => []; move: lt1;case:(y). + move => [p [q [ha /ltnW hb hc hd]]]; case; case; rewrite -/r => e1 e2 e3. move /eqP: e2; rewrite -doubleMr eqn_double => /eqP e2. move: (dvdn_gcd r y y.+1); rewrite -{1} addn1 gcdnDl gcdn1 e1 e2. rewrite {2 3} /dvdn !modnMr eqxx /= dvdn1 => /eqP r1. move: e1 e2 e3; rewrite r1 !mul1n => e1 e2 e3. have l1: q^2 <= p^2 by rewrite leq_exp2r ? hb. move: (subnK l1); rewrite - e1 e2 addSn addnC - addn1; move/esym. move/(DE1_solution p q) => [n [ra rb]]; exists n. by rewrite e3 ra rb mulnC - fib_doubleS. + have : ~~ odd y.+1 by rewrite e2 - doubleMr odd_double. move => /= /negbNE oy. have g2: r = 2. rewrite /r -(odd_double_half y) oy add1n -doubleS -!muln2 - muln_gcdl. by rewrite (muln2 y./2) -addnn -addSn gcdnDl (eqP (coprimeSn y./2)). move: (pythagore_gcd hb hc hd). set p1 := p + q; set q1 := p - q. have pv: p.*2 = p1 + q1 by rewrite -addnn -{2} (subnKC hb) addnA. have qv: q.*2 = p1 - q1 by rewrite subnBA// - addnA addKn addnn. move/eqP: e1; rewrite g2 mul2n eqn_double subn_sqr => /eqP e1. move: e2; rewrite g2 doubleMr qv mulnA mul2n pv mulnC -subn_sqr e1 => e2. have: DE_eq1 p1 q1. by rewrite /DE_eq1 -addnA addn1 mulnC e2 subnKC // leq_exp2r // leq_BD. move/(DE1_solution) => [n [p1v p2v]]. have yv: y = fib n.*2 * fib n.*2.+1 by rewrite e1 -/p1 -/q1 p1v p2v. have : 2 * z = 2* fib (n.*2).*2.+1. rewrite e3 g2 mulnA mulnDr -[2*2]/(2^2) -!expnMn !mul2n pv qv p1v p2v -fibSS. by case:(n)=> // m; rewrite doubleS (fibSS m.*2.+1) addKn fib_square_n3_n. move/eqP; rewrite !mul2n eqn_double => /eqP zv. by exists n; rewrite - yv - e1. Qed. Lemma DE_eq4_solution y z: 0 < y -> (DE_eq4 y z <-> exists n, y = fib n.*2.+2 * fib n.*2.+1 /\ z = fib (n.*2).*2.+3). Proof. move => yp; split; last first. move => [n [-> ->]]; rewrite /DE_eq4 - doubleS fib_doubleS. set a := fib n.*2.+2 ; set b := fib n.*2.+1. have lea: b^2 <= a ^2 by rewrite leq_sqr fib_monotone. have /prednK ww : 0 < a * b by rewrite muln_gt0 !fib_gt0. rewrite (sqrnD_sub' lea) -expnMn -[4]/(2^2) -expnMn mul2n mulnC addnC. rewrite eqn_add2r eqn_sqr -(eqn_add2r (b^2)) subnK // addnC mulnC. by rewrite - eqSS - addnS ww - (DE2_sol n) addn1. have yn := (prednK yp). move => h. have h': (y.-1)^2 + (y.*2)^2 = z^2 by rewrite (eqP h). case:(pythagore_tripleB h'). + by move => [/eqP]; rewrite - eqSS yn =>/eqP -> <-; exists 0. + by move => []; move: yp; case: (y) => //. + move=> [p [q [ha /ltnW hb hc hd]]]. case; case; set r := gcdn y.-1 y.*2 => e1 e2 e3. move /eqP: e2; rewrite -doubleMr eqn_double => /eqP e2. move: (dvdn_gcd r y y.-1); rewrite -{1} yn gcdnC -{1} addn1 gcdnDl. rewrite gcdn1 e1 e2 {2 3} /dvdn !modnMr eqxx /= dvdn1 => /eqP r1. move: e1 e2 e3; rewrite r1 !mul1n => e1 e2 e3. have /DE2_solution: (DE_eq2 p q). rewrite /DE_eq2 - e2 -yn e1 [in RHS] addnS. by rewrite addn1 subnKC // leq_exp2r ? hb. case; first by move => [pz]; move: yp; rewrite e2 pz. by move => [n [he hf]]; exists n; rewrite e3 he hf - fib_doubleS. + have oy: odd y.-1 = false. by move: (f_equal odd e2); rewrite -doubleMr odd_double. have g2: r = 2. rewrite /r -{2} yn - (odd_double_half y.-1) oy add0n. rewrite -!muln2 - muln_gcdl (muln2 y.-1./2) -addnn - addSn. by rewrite gcdnDr gcdnC (eqP (coprimeSn y.-1./2)). set p1 := p + q; set q1 := p - q. have pv: p.*2 = p1 + q1 by rewrite -addnn -{2} (subnKC hb) addnA. have qv: q.*2 = p1 - q1 by rewrite subnBA// - addnA addKn addnn. move/eqP: e1; rewrite g2 mul2n eqn_double subn_sqr => /eqP e1. move/eqP: e2; rewrite - eqSS yn g2 doubleMr qv mulnA mul2n pv mulnC. rewrite -subn_sqr e1 -/p1 -/q1 mulnC => /eqP e2. have: DE_eq2 p1 q1. by rewrite /DE_eq2 e2 -(addn1 (_ - _)) addnA subnKC // leq_exp2r // leq_BD. case/(DE2_solution). by move => [/eqP]; rewrite /p1 /q1 addn_eq0 => /andP[/eqP -> /eqP ->]. move=> [n [p1v p2v]]; exists n; rewrite p1v p2v; split => //. apply/eqP; rewrite - eqn_double -!mul2n e3 g2 mulnA -[2 *2]/(2^2). rewrite mulnDr -!expnMn ! mul2n pv qv p1v p2v - fibSS (fibSS n.*2) addKn. by rewrite fib_square_n3_n. Qed. End DiophanteEquation. Section Diophantine2. Import GRing.Theory Num.Theory. Local Open Scope ring_scope. Definition DE_eq5 (x y:int):= (x^+2 + x*y + x - y^+2 == 0). Definition DE_eq6 (x y:int):= (x^+2 - x*y - x - y^+2 == 0). Lemma DE_eq6_sol n (x := fib n.*2.+1) (y := fib n.*2)(z := fib n.*2.+2): [/\ (x ^ 2)^2 = (x ^ 2)*(y * x) + (x ^ 2) + (y * x)^2, (y ^ 2)^2 + (y ^ 2)*(y * x) + (y ^ 2) = (y * x)^2, (x ^ 2)^2 + (x ^ 2)*(z * x) = (x ^ 2) + (z * x)^2 & (z ^ 2)^2 + (z ^ 2) = (z ^ 2)*(z * x) + (z * x)^2] %N. Proof. split. + rewrite (mulnC y) expnMn -mulnSr -mulnDr addnC - (addn1 (x* y)%N) addnA. by rewrite -(DE1_sol n) mulnn. + rewrite -addnA -mulnSr -mulnn -mulnDr expnMn. by rewrite (mulnC y) - (addn1 (x* y)%N) (DE1_sol n) addnA. + by rewrite -mulnn -mulnDr - (DE2_sol n) mulnDr muln1 addnC mulnC expnMn. + by rewrite -mulnn -mulnSr expnMn -mulnDr (addnC (z*x)%N) -DE2_sol addn1. Qed. Lemma DE_equiv_56 x y: (DE_eq5 x y) = (DE_eq6 (-x) y). Proof. by rewrite /DE_eq5 /DE_eq6 sqrrN opprK mulNr opprK. Qed. Lemma DE_eq6_alt x y: (DE_eq6 x y) = ((x*+2 - (y+1))^+2 == (y+1)^+2 + (y*+2)^+2). Proof. rewrite sqrrB mulrnAl - mulrnA !exprMn_n addrC - subr_eq0 opprD addrACA subrr. rewrite add0r -mulNrn -mulrnDl -mulNrn -mulrnDl mulrn_eq0 /= mulrDr mulr1. by rewrite opprD !addrA. Qed. Lemma DE_eq6_pos x y: 0 <= y -> DE_eq6 x y -> exists n, y = (fib n.*2 * fib n.*2.+1)%N /\ (x = (fib n.*2.+1 ^ 2)%N \/ x = -((fib n.*2 ^ 2)%N:int)). Proof. rewrite DE_eq6_alt => sa /eqP. set z := (x *+ 2 - (y + 1)) => sb. have eq1: y = `|y|%N by move: sa; case y. have eq2: z ^+2 = ((`|z|)^2)%N. by rewrite - abszX; move: (sqr_ge0 z); case: (z^+2). have: DE_eq3 `|y| `|z|. move: sb; rewrite eq2 eq1 /DE_eq3 - PoszD addnn mulnn mulnn addn1. by case => <-. move/DE_eq3_solution => [n [ha hb]]; exists n. rewrite eq1 ha; split => //. have eq3: z = `|z|%:Z \/ z = - (`|z|%:Z) . by case: (z) => a; [left |right ]. have: x *+ 2 = z + (y+1) by rewrite /z subrK. have h u: (u.*2)%:Z = (u%:Z) *+ 2 by rewrite -muln2 PoszM - mulr_natr. case: eq3 => ->; rewrite hb eq1 ha - PoszD fib_doubleS mulnC. rewrite - addnA (addnA (fib n.*2 ^ 2)%N) -(DE1_sol n). by move/eqP;rewrite addnn h eqr_muln2r /= => /eqP; left. move => hw; right; apply/eqP;move: (DE1_sol n) hw. rewrite -[X in _ *+2 = X] opprK opprD opprK - addnA addn1 => ->. by move/eqP; rewrite addnAC addnn PoszD addrK h -mulNrn eqr_muln2r. Qed. Lemma DE_eq6_neg x y: y <0 -> DE_eq6 x y -> exists n, y = -((fib n.*2.+2 * fib n.*2.+1)%N:int) /\ (x = (fib n.*2.+1 ^ 2)%N \/ x = -((fib n.*2.+2 ^ 2)%N:int)). Proof. rewrite DE_eq6_alt => sa /eqP. set z := (x *+ 2 - (y + 1)) => eq0. have eq2: z ^+2 = ((`|z|)^2)%N. by rewrite - abszX; move: (sqr_ge0 z); case: (z^+2). have eq1: -y = `|y|%N by move: sa; case y. have eq3 : (`|y|%:Z - 1) = (`|y|.-1)%N. by move: sa; clear;case: y => //; case. have yp : 0 < `|y| by move: sa; case y. have: DE_eq4 `|y| `|z|. move: eq0; rewrite eq2 - sqrrN - (sqrrN (y *+ 2)) opprD -mulNrn. by rewrite eq1 eq3 - PoszD addnn mulnn mulnn; case => /eqP. move/(DE_eq4_solution _ yp) => [n [ha hb]]; exists n; split. by apply: oppr_inj; rewrite opprK eq1 ha. have eq4: z = `|z|%:Z \/ z = - (`|z|%:Z) by case: (z) => a; [left |right ]. have h u: (u.*2)%:Z = (u%:Z) *+ 2 by rewrite -muln2 PoszM - mulr_natr. have: x *+ 2 = z +1 + (-(-y)) by rewrite opprK addrAC -addrA /z subrK. case: eq4 => ->; rewrite hb -doubleS fib_doubleS eq1 ha. rewrite - (PoszD _ 1%N) addnAC (DE2_sol n) addnAC PoszD addrK addnn. by move/eqP; rewrite h eqr_muln2r /= => /eqP; left. move => hw; right; apply/eqP; move /eqP: hw. rewrite addrAC -opprD - PoszD - addnA -(DE2_sol n) addnA addnn PoszD opprD. by rewrite addrK h -mulNrn eqr_muln2r. Qed. Lemma DE_eq6_solution (x y:int): (x^+2 - x*y - x - y^+2 == 0) <-> exists n, [\/ y = (fib n.*2 * fib n.*2.+1)%N /\ x = (fib n.*2.+1 ^ 2)%N, y = (fib n.*2 * fib n.*2.+1)%N /\ x = -((fib n.*2 ^ 2)%N:int), y = -((fib n.*2.+2 * fib n.*2.+1)%N:int) /\ x = (fib n.*2.+1 ^ 2)%N | y = -((fib n.*2.+2 * fib n.*2.+1)%N:int) /\ x = -((fib n.*2.+2^2)%N:int) ]. Proof. split. move => h. case: (lerP 0 y) => yp. move: (DE_eq6_pos yp h) => [n [ha hb]]; exists n. by case: hb; [ constructor 1 | constructor 2]. move: (DE_eq6_neg yp h) => [n [ha hb]]; exists n. by case: hb; [ constructor 3 | constructor 4]. have hu (a:nat): (a%:Z)^+2 = (a^2)%:Z by []. rewrite /DE_eq6; move => [n]; move: (DE_eq6_sol n) => [ea eb ec ed]. case; move => [-> ->]. + rewrite addrAC - addrA addrAC addrA hu ea PoszD hu addrK PoszD addrK. by rewrite PoszM subrr. + by rewrite - mulNr opprK sqrrN ! hu -PoszM -PoszD eb subrr. + by rewrite sqrrN -mulrN opprK ! hu -PoszM -PoszD ec addnC PoszD addrK subrr. + rewrite !sqrrN mulrN !opprK mulNr - addrA addrACA - opprD !hu. by rewrite - PoszM -PoszD ed -PoszD subrr. Qed. End Diophantine2. Lemma fib_plus_fib a b c: b <= c -> (fib a == fib b + fib c) = [ || (b == 0) && (fib a == fib c), [&& b ==c, (c==1) || (c== 2) & a==3], [&& b ==1, c==3 & a==4] | (c==b.+1) && (a==b.+2)]. Proof. case:b. move => _. case wa: ((c == 1) && (a == 2)); first by move/andP:wa => [/eqP -> /eqP ->]. by case wb: (0==c); rewrite - ? (eqP wb) /= orbF. move => b; rewrite/= !eqSS;case:b. rewrite add1n - (addn1 (fib c)) (eq_sym 1 c) /=. case: c => // c _; rewrite !eqSS. case cz: (c==0); first by rewrite (eqP cz) (fib_eq a 3) /= !andbF !orbF. case co: (c==1); first by rewrite (eqP co) (fib_eq a 3) /= !andbF !orbF. case ct: (c==2); first by rewrite (eqP ct) (fib_eq a 4) /= ! andbF!orbF. simpl; apply/negP => /eqP ha. case: (ltnP c.+1 a) => lac; last first. by move: (fib_monotone lac); rewrite ha addn1 ltnn. have w: (3 <= c) by rewrite ltn_neqAle eq_sym ct ltn_neqAle eq_sym co lt0n cz. move: (fib_monotone lac); rewrite ha fibSS leq_add2l => la. by move: (leq_trans (fib_monotone w) la). move => b; rewrite leq_eqVlt; case/orP => ha. have hh:=(ltn_eqF (ltnSn b)). rewrite - (eqP ha) !eqSS eqxx hh /= orbF. case bz: (b==0); first by rewrite (eqP bz) (fib_eq a 3) !andbF !orbF. simpl; apply/negP => hb. case: (ltngtP b.+3 a) => lac. + move: (fib_monotone lac); rewrite (eqP hb) fibSS leq_add2r. by apply/negP;rewrite -ltnNge fib_smonotone_bis. + rewrite ltnS in lac; move: (fib_monotone lac). by rewrite (eqP hb) leqNgt ltn_paddr // fib_gt0. + by move: hb; rewrite - lac fibSS eqn_add2l fib_eq // !eqSS bz hh /= andbF. rewrite (ltn_eqF ha) /=; move: ha; rewrite leq_eqVlt; case/orP=> ha. by rewrite - (eqP ha) addnC -fibSS eqxx fib_eq !eqSS !andbF!orbF. have cp:=(ltn_predK ha). rewrite (gtn_eqF ha) /=; apply/negP => hb. case: (ltngtP a c.+1) => lac. + rewrite ltnS in lac; move: (fib_monotone lac). by rewrite leqNgt (eqP hb) ltn_paddl // fib_gt0. + move:(fib_monotone lac); rewrite (eqP hb) fibSS leq_add2r leqNgt. by rewrite fib_smonotone // !ltnS (ltnW(ltnW ha)) andbT. + move: hb; rewrite lac -cp fibSS addnC eqn_add2r fib_eq !eqSS andbF orbF. rewrite -eqSS -(eqSS _ 1) !cp (gtn_eqF ha) /= => /andP [h1 h2]. by move: ha; rewrite (eqP h1) (eqP h2). Qed. Lemma lucas_plus_lucas a b c: b <= c -> (lucas a == lucas b + lucas c) = [ || [&& a==3, b==0 & c==0], [&& a==0, b==1 & c==1] | (c==b.+1) && (a==b.+2)]. Proof. have Ha i: i != 1 -> 2 <= lucas i. by case: i => [| [| i _]]//; apply: ltnW; apply: (@lucas_monotone 2 i.+2). have Hb i: 2 <=i -> 3 <= lucas i by apply:(lucas_monotone (m:=2)). case az: (a== 0). rewrite (eqP az) !andbF /= orbF => lbc; case: (ltngtP 1 b) => b1. + rewrite (gtn_eqF b1) /=; apply/negP => /eqP h. by move: (Hb _ b1); rewrite -(ltn_add2r (lucas c)) - h. + move: b1; rewrite ltnS leqn0 => /eqP ->. by rewrite -{1} (addn0 (lucas 0)) eqn_add2l /= (ltn_eqF (lucas_gt0 c)). + by rewrite - b1 /= -[lucas 0]/(1+(lucas 1)) eqn_add2l lucas_injective_bis. case bz: (b == 0). rewrite (eqP bz) /= => _. case cz: (c== 0). rewrite (eqP cz) /= andbT orbF; exact: (lucas_injective_bis a 3). case co: (c== 1). rewrite (eqP co) andbF /=; exact: (lucas_injective_bis a 2). rewrite andbF /=; apply/negP => /eqP h. case:(ltnP c a) => ha; last first. have /lucas_monotone: 0 < a <=c by rewrite ha lt0n az. by rewrite h ltnNge leqnSn. have /lucas_monotone ww : 0 < c.+1 <= a by rewrite ha. have /prednK cp : O < c by rewrite lt0n cz. move: ww; rewrite h -{1}cp lucasSS addnC cp leq_add2r lucas_monotoneE. rewrite !andbF /= -!(eqSS c.-1) cp co /= andbT orbF => c2. move: h; rewrite (eqP c2); clear;case: a => [|[|[|[| a]]]] // ea. have /lucas_monotone :0 < 4 <= a.+4 by []. by rewrite ea. rewrite /= andbF /=. rewrite leq_eqVlt; case/orP => ebc. rewrite - (eqP ebc) (ltn_eqF (ltnSn b)) /=; apply/negP => /eqP h. case: (ltngtP b.+1 a) => lab. + have /lucas_smonotone ha: 0 < b < b.+1 by rewrite ltnSn lt0n bz. have /lucas_monotone: 0 < b.+2 <= a by rewrite lab. by rewrite lucasSS h leq_add2r leqNgt ha. + have /lucas_monotone: 0 < a <= b by rewrite lt0n - ltnS lab az. by rewrite h -{3} (add0n (lucas b)) leq_add2r leqNgt lucas_gt0. + move /eqP:h; rewrite -lab. move:bz; clear; case: b => // b _. by rewrite lucasSS eqn_add2l lucas_injective_bis; apply/negP /eqP. apply/eqP/andP; last by move => [/eqP -> /eqP ->]; rewrite lucasSS addnC. move => h. have c1:= (ltn_predK ebc). have /lucas_monotone: 0 < b <= c.-1 by rewrite lt0n bz - ltnS c1 ebc. rewrite - (leq_add2r (lucas c)) -h addnC - {1} c1 -lucasSS c1 => lb. case: (ltngtP a c.+1) => la. + have /lucas_monotone: 0 < a <= c by rewrite lt0n az -ltnS la. by rewrite h -{2}(add0n (lucas c)) leq_add2r leqNgt lucas_gt0. + have /lucas_smonotone: 0 < c.+1 < a by rewrite la. by rewrite ltnNge lb. + move /eqP: h; rewrite la - c1 lucasSS addnC eqn_add2r lucas_injective_bis. by move/eqP ->. Qed. Lemma fib_eq_lucas m n: (fib m == lucas n) = [|| (n==0) &&(m==3), (n==1) &&((m==1) || (m==2)) | (n==2)&&(m==4) ]. Proof. case nz: (n==0). by rewrite (eqP nz) lucas0 (fib_eq m 3) !andbF. have ha:= (leq_ltn_trans (leq_pred n) (ltnSn n)). rewrite lucas_fib ? nz // addnC (fib_plus_fib _ (ltnW ha)) (ltn_eqF ha) !eqSS. have hc:=(prednK (neq0_lt0n nz)). case no: (n==1); first by rewrite (eqP no) /= fib_eq andbF !orbF andbT orbC. case nt: (n==2); first by rewrite (eqP nt) /= orbF. by rewrite - eqSS hc no andbF /= - {1} hc (gtn_eqF (ltnSn n.-1)). Qed. Lemma lucas_times_fib_is_fib m n k: (fib n == lucas k * fib m) = [|| [&& k==0, n==3 & (m==1) || (m==2) ], (k==1) && [|| n == m, (n == 1) && (m == 2) | (n == 2) && (m == 1)] , ( ((m==0) && (n == 0)) || [&& ((m==1) || (m==2)), (k==2) &(n==4) ]) | (k==m) && (n == m.*2)]. Proof. case mz: (m==0). by rewrite (eqP mz) muln0 fib_eq0; case nz:(n== 0); rewrite ?orbT //= !andbF. case m12: ((m == 1) || (m == 2)). have ->: fib m = 1 by case/orP:m12 => /eqP ->. rewrite muln1 fib_eq_lucas andbT /=; case:((k == 0) && (n == 3)) => //=. case n1: (n ==1). rewrite (eqP n1) andbT andbF /= !orbF (eq_sym 1 m) m12 andbT. by case:(orP m12) => /eqP ->; rewrite andbF orbF. case n4: (n ==4). rewrite /= (eqP n4) andbT !andbF /= orbF. by case:(orP m12) => /eqP ->; rewrite !andbF ?orbF // andbT/= orbb. rewrite andbF /= orbF;case:(orP m12)=> /eqP ->. by rewrite n1 /= andbT orbb. by rewrite n4 !andbF !orbF. have [ha hb]: (m==1) = false /\ (m==2) = false by move: m12; case: eqP. rewrite !andbF /=; case kz: (k==0). rewrite (eqP kz) lucas0 mul2n -addnn fib_plus_fib //= (eq_sym 0 m). by rewrite mz /= m12 /= andbF ha (ltn_eqF (ltnSn m)). case k1: (k==1). by rewrite (eqP k1) mul1n fib_eq (eq_sym 1) ha hb /= !andbF !orbF. have mk5: (5 <= m + k). have k2: 2 <= k by rewrite ltn_neqAle lt0n eq_sym k1 kz. have m3: 3 <= m by rewrite ltn_neqAle ltn_neqAle lt0n eq_sym hb eq_sym mz ha. exact: (leq_add m3 k2). move: (gtn_eqF mk5) (gtn_eqF (ltnW mk5)) (ltnW(ltnW mk5))=> mk4 mk3 mk5'. move: (gtn_eqF mk5') (gtn_eqF (ltnW mk5')) => mk2 mk1. have Hw p: p.*2 ==1 = false by case:p. have LTD m' k': (k' == 0) = false -> m' - k' < m' + k'. move => k'z; apply:(leq_ltn_trans (leq_subr k' m')). by rewrite ltn_paddr // lt0n k'z. case: (ltngtP m k) => hc; last first. + rewrite hc mulnC - fib_double_lucas eqxx fib_eq -[2]/(1.*2) eqn_double k1. by rewrite Hw !andbF !orbF. + rewrite (fib_lucas1 (ltnW hc)) (ltn_eqF hc) /=; apply/negP => /eqP. have hd:= (LTD m k kz). case: odd; last first. move/eqP;rewrite addnC (fib_plus_fib _ (ltnW hd)) subn_eq0 leqNgt mk3 mk2. rewrite hc (ltn_eqF hd) /= - [in m +k](subnK (ltnW hc)) - addnA addnn. by rewrite andbF /= - addn1 eqn_add2l Hw. move: (subnK (ltnW hc)) => he ea. move/eqP :(esym (subnK (fib_monotone (ltnW hd)))); rewrite - ea. case /orP: (leq_total n (m - k)) => cnmk; [ | rewrite (addnC (fib n)) ]; rewrite (fib_plus_fib _ cnmk) mk4 mk3 !andbF /=. case/orP; first by rewrite fib_eq (gtn_eqF hd) /= mk1 mk2 /= andbF. rewrite - {2} he - addnA addnn => /andP[/eqP ->] /eqP h. by move:(f_equal odd h); rewrite odd_add odd_double addbF /=;case:odd. rewrite subn_eq0 leqNgt hc /= - {2} he => /andP[_]. by rewrite -addnA -addn2 eqn_add2l addnn (eqn_double _ 1) k1. + rewrite (fib_lucas2 (ltnW hc)) (gtn_eqF hc) /=; apply/negP => /eqP. have he:= (subnKC (ltnW hc)). move: (LTD k m mz); rewrite addnC => hd. case: odd. move/eqP; rewrite addnC (fib_plus_fib _ (ltnW hd)) subn_eq0 mk1 mk2 mk3. by rewrite !andbF leqNgt hc //= -{1} he addnA addnn -add1n eqn_add2r Hw. move => ea. have: fib (m + k) == fib n + fib (k - m). by rewrite ea; rewrite subnK // (fib_monotone (ltnW hd)). case /orP: (leq_total n (k - m)) => cnmk;[ | rewrite (addnC (fib n)) ]; rewrite (fib_plus_fib _ cnmk) mk4 mk3 !andbF /=. case/orP; first by rewrite fib_eq (gtn_eqF hd) /= mk1 mk2 /= andbF. rewrite - {2} he addnA addnn => /andP[/eqP ->] /eqP h. by move:(f_equal odd h); rewrite odd_add odd_double /=;case:odd. rewrite subn_eq0 leqNgt hc /= - {2} he => /andP[_]. by rewrite addnA -add2n eqn_add2r addnn (eqn_double _ 1) ha. Qed. Lemma lucas_times_lucas_is_fib m n k: k <= m -> (fib n == (lucas m) * (lucas k)) = [|| [&& k==0, m == 1 & n == 3], [&& k==0, m == 3 & n == 6], (k==1) && [|| (m == 1) && (n == 1), (m == 1) && (n == 2) | (m == 2) && (n == 4)] | [&& k ==2, m==4 & n==8] ]. Proof. move => h. case kz: (k == 0). by rewrite (eqP kz) -[lucas 0]/(fib 3) lucas_times_fib_is_fib !andbF !orbF. case kn1: (k == 1). move:h;rewrite (eqP kn1) muln1 fib_eq_lucas /= lt0n; case: eqP => // _ _. by case m1: (m==1); rewrite orbF // (eqP m1) andFb !orbF. have sk := (subnK h). simpl;apply/eqP/idP; last by move/and3P => [/eqP -> /eqP -> /eqP ->]. have mkz: m + k != 0 by rewrite addn_eq0 kz andbF. have la: 2 <= k by move: kz kn1; case:(k) => //; case. have mk2:=(leq_add (leq_trans (ltnW la) h) (ltnW la)). move:(subnK mk2); rewrite addn2 => hb. rewrite (lucas_lucas1 h); case ok: (odd k); last first. rewrite (lucas_fib mkz) => ea. have: fib (m + k).+1 < fib n. by rewrite ea -addnA -[X in X < _] addn0 ltn_add2l addn_gt0 lucas_gt0 orbT. move/fib_monotone_bis => /fib_monotone. rewrite ea -addnA fibSS leq_add2l -hb fibSS leq_add2l. move:h; rewrite leq_eqVlt; case/orP => hc. move: ea;rewrite - (eqP hc) subnn lucas0 - ltnS -[3]/(fib 4) => fn h. move: (fib_monotone_bis h) fn kz ok; case k => //; case => //; case => //. rewrite -[RHS ]/9 => _ eb _ _; case: (ltngtP 7 n) => sa. + by move:(@fib_smonotone 7 n); rewrite eb sa /=; apply. + by rewrite ltnS in sa;move:(fib_monotone sa); rewrite eb. + by move: eb; rewrite - sa. by move => n1; rewrite !addnS !addSn /= subn2 !ltnS ltn0. move: (hc); rewrite - subn_gt0 => /gtn_eqF /negbT/lucas_lt_fib /leqifP. move:ea; rewrite - [in m+k] sk - !addnA addnn. case ha: (m-k==2). rewrite -[in m==4] sk (eqP ha) addKn. move: kz ok; clear; case: k => [| [| [ | k ]]]//. move => _ _; rewrite -[RHS]/(fib 8) => /eqP. by rewrite fib_eq !andbF !orbF. move => _ _ _ _ h. have: 2 < (k.+2).*2 by rewrite !doubleS !ltnS. by move /fib_smonotone_bis; rewrite ltnNge h. move => ea lc lb; move:(leq_ltn_trans lb lc) => /fib_monotone_bis. move: kz ok; clear; case: k => [| [| k]] // _ _. by rewrite !doubleS -(addn2 k.*2.+2) addnA addnK - 2!addSnnS ltnNge leq_addr. move:h;rewrite leq_eqVlt; case/orP => lkm. rewrite - (eqP lkm) subnn lucas0; move: ok kn1; clear; case:k => //k. rewrite addnS addSn addnn lucas_fib //=; case:k => // k ok _. have e2: 2 < fib (k.+1).*2.+1. apply: (fib_monotone(m:=4)); rewrite doubleS !ltnS double_gt0. by move:ok;case:(k). rewrite -(addnBA _ (ltnW e2)) => eq1. have: fib (k.+1).*2.+3 < fib n. by rewrite eq1 -[X in X < _] addn0 ltn_add2l subn_gt0. move/fib_monotone_bis => /fib_monotone; rewrite fibSS eq1 leq_add2l fibSS. by rewrite -{1} (subnK (ltnW e2)) -addnA leqNgt add2n addnS ltnS leq_addr. move => ea. have mkgt4:=(leq_add (leq_ltn_trans la lkm) la). have eb: fib n + lucas (m - k) = lucas (m + k). rewrite ea subnK // lucas_monotone // subn_gt0 lkm /=; apply: leq_BD. move /leqifP: (lucas_lt_fib mkz). rewrite eq_sym (ltn_eqF (ltnW(ltnW mkgt4))) - eb => bnd1. move:(leq_ltn_trans (leq_addr (lucas (m - k)) (fib n)) bnd1). move => /fib_monotone_bis; rewrite ltnS => /fib_monotone. rewrite -(leq_add2r (lucas (m - k))) eb (lucas_fib mkz) leq_add2l => bnd2. move:lkm; rewrite leq_eqVlt; case/orP => lkm1. move: bnd2; rewrite - (eqP lkm1) subSnn addSn addnn /=. have: 1 < 3 < k.*2 by move: kz kn1; clear; case:k => [|[|]]//. by move /fib_smonotone => hu hv; move:(leq_trans (ltnW hu) hv). move:lkm1; rewrite leq_eqVlt; case/orP => lkm2. move: bnd2; rewrite - (eqP lkm2) - (add2n k) addnK -addnA addnn add2n. rewrite -[lucas 2]/(fib 4) leqNgt fib_smonotone //= ltnS (leq_double 2 k). by move: kz kn1; clear; case:k => [|[|]]//. move:(lkm2);rewrite - addn2 addSn -ltn_subRL => wa. move/leqifP: (lucas_lt_fib (negbT (gtn_eqF (ltnW(ltnW wa))))). rewrite (gtn_eqF wa) => wb. move:(fib_monotone_bis (leq_ltn_trans bnd2 wb)). rewrite ltnNge - {2} sk -addnA addnn - {3} (ltn_predK la) doubleS !addnS. rewrite !ltnS -{1} (addn0 (m-k)) ltn_add2l double_gt0. by move:kz kn1;clear; case: k => [| [| ]]. Qed. Lemma fib_times_c_is_fib1 n k c: k !=1 -> k != 2 -> fib n = c * (fib k) -> k %| n. Proof. move => k1 k2 h. move:(gcd_fib n k); rewrite h gcdnC gcdnMl => /esym /eqP. by rewrite fib_eq (negbTE k1) (negbTE k2) !andbF !orbF => /eqP /gcdn_idPr. Qed. Lemma fib_times_c_is_fib2 n k c: 2 <= c -> 2 < k -> fib n = c * (fib k) -> (lucas k) <= c. Proof. move => ha hb hc. have fkz:(fib k == 0) = false. by rewrite fib_eq0 eqn0Ngt (ltnW (ltnW hb)). case k1:(k==1); first by move:hb; rewrite (eqP k1). case k2:(k==2); first by move:hb; rewrite (eqP k2). move:(fib_times_c_is_fib1 (negbT k1) (negbT k2) hc) => /dvdnP [a nv]. move: hc; rewrite nv => /eqP. case: (ltngtP a 1). + rewrite ltnS leqn0 => /eqP ->. by rewrite eq_sym muln_eq0 fkz eqn0Ngt (ltnW ha). + move => sa sb. have: 2 *k <= a * k by rewrite leq_mul2r sa orbT. move/fib_monotone; rewrite mul2n fib_double_lucas (eqP sb) mulnC. by rewrite leq_mul2r fkz. + by move ->; rewrite mul1n - {1}(mul1n (fib k)) eqn_mul2r fkz (ltn_eqF ha). Qed. Lemma fib_times_c_is_fib3 n k : fib n == 2 * (fib k) = ((k==0) && (n==0)) || ((n==3) && ((k==1) || (k==2))). Proof. rewrite (lucas_times_fib_is_fib k n 0) andbF !orbF /= (eq_sym 0 k). by case kz: (k==0); rewrite ? orbF // (eqP kz) !andbF orbb orbF. Qed. Lemma fib_times_c_is_fib4 n k : fib n == 3 * (fib k) = ((k==0) && (n==0)) || (((k==1) || (k==2)) &&(n==4)). Proof. rewrite (lucas_times_fib_is_fib k n 2) /= (eq_sym 2 k). by case kz: (k==2); rewrite ? orbF //= (eqP kz) orbb. Qed. Lemma fib_times_c_is_fib5 n k m: 2 < k -> 2 < m -> fib n <> fib m * fib k. Proof. wlog: k m / k <= m. case /orP:(leq_total k m) => // ha hb. by apply: hb. by move => hc h; rewrite mulnC; apply: hb. move => sb sa _ h. have m3 := (leq_trans sa sb). have ms:= (ltn_predK m3). have ha: m.+1 != 0 by []. have hb: m != 0 by rewrite -ms. have hc: 0 < m.-1 by rewrite - ltnS ms (ltnW m3). have fmp: (0 < fib m) by rewrite fib_gt0 // lt0n. have lmn: m < n. apply/fib_monotone_bis; rewrite h -{1} (muln1 (fib m)) ltn_mul2l. rewrite fmp; apply:(fib_monotone sa). move:(fib_add (n-m) hb); rewrite (subnKC (ltnW lmn)) => eq1. have : fib m * fib (n - m).+1 < fib n. by rewrite eq1 ltn_paddl // muln_gt0 !fib_gt0 ?subn_gt0. rewrite h ltn_mul2l fmp /= => /fib_monotone_bis => la. have: fib m.-1 * fib (n - m) < fib m * fib (n - m). by rewrite ltn_mul2r fib_gt0 ?subn_gt0 //= fib_smonotone // -ltnS ms m3 leqnn. rewrite -(leq_add2r (fib m * fib (n - m).+1)) addSn - eq1 -mulnDr addnC. rewrite - fibSS h ltn_mul2l fmp // => /fib_monotone_bis; rewrite ltnS. by rewrite leqNgt la. Qed. Lemma fib_times_lucas_is_lucas n k m: lucas n == (fib m) * (lucas k) = [ || ((m==1) || (m==2)) && (n == k), ((k==1) && [|| (n==0) &&(m==3), (n==1) &&((m==1) || (m==2)) | (n==2)&&(m==4) ]) | [&& k ==0 , n == 3 & m ==3] ]. Proof. have sc: (n == k) = false -> false = (k == 1) && (n == 1). by case k1: (k==1) => //;rewrite (eqP k1). case mz:(m==0). by rewrite (eqP mz) mul0n (gtn_eqF (lucas_gt0 n)) !andbF /=. case m1: (m==1). rewrite (eqP m1) /= mul1n lucas_injective_bis; case nk: (n == k) => //. by rewrite !andbF andbT /= !orbF; apply: sc. case m2: (m==2). rewrite (eqP m2) /= mul1n lucas_injective_bis; case nk: (n == k) => //. by rewrite !andbF andbT /= !orbF; apply: sc. case k1: (k==1). by rewrite (eqP k1) muln1 eq_sym fib_eq_lucas m1 m2 !andbF /= orbF. have lt1: 1 < m by move: mz m1; case m => [|[]]. have lt2: 2 < m by move: mz m1 m2; case m => [|[|[]]]. have ms1p: 0 < m.-1 by move: mz m1; case m => [|[]]. have ww := (ltn_predK lt1). case kz: (k==0). rewrite (eqP kz) lucas0 /=; case m3:(m==3). by rewrite (eqP m3) -[fib 3 * 2]/ (lucas 3) lucas_injective_bis andbT. rewrite andbF; apply /negbTE/eqP => eqa. move:(lucas_ge_2fib lt1); rewrite - muln2 -eqa => eqb. case: (ltnP m n) => lmn. have /lucas_smonotone :0 < m < n by rewrite (ltnW lt1) lmn. by rewrite ltnNge eqb. case nz: (n==0). move:(leq_mul2r 2 (fib 3) (fib m)); simpl; rewrite (fib_monotone lt2) - eqa. by rewrite (eqP nz) lucas0. case nt: (n==2). move: eqa; rewrite (eqP nt) muln2 => h; move:(f_equal odd h). by rewrite odd_double. have: fib m.+1 <= lucas n. by rewrite eqa muln2 -addnn -ww fibSS leq_add2l fib_monotone. move/leqifP:(lucas_lt_fib (negbT nz)); rewrite nt => ha hb. move:(leq_ltn_trans hb ha) => /fib_monotone_bis; rewrite !ltnS => hc. move: (eqn_leq m n); rewrite lmn hc /= => /eqP emn. move:eqa; rewrite - emn muln2 -addnn (lucas_fib (negbT mz)) - {1}ww. move/eqP; rewrite fibSS ww -addnA eqn_add2l eq_sym addnn - mul2n. by rewrite fib_times_c_is_fib3 mz -3!(eqSS m.-1) ww m1 m2 m3. simpl; apply/negP => /eqP h. have fp:= (fib_gt0 (ltnW lt1)). have lk3: 3 <= lucas k. by rewrite(lucas_monotoneE 2) /= orbF -leq_eqVlt ltn_neqAle eq_sym lt0n kz k1. have la: m < n. have b1 := (leq_mul (fib_monotone lt2) lk3). case nz: (n== 0); first by move: b1; rewrite - h (eqP nz). case n2: (n== 2); first by move: b1; rewrite - h (eqP n2). move/leqifP:(lucas_lt_fib (negbT nz)); rewrite n2 h. move: (ltnW lk3); rewrite - (leq_pmul2r fp) mul2n mulnC => sa sb. have lc : fib n.+2 <= (fib n.+1).*2. by rewrite fibSS -addnn leq_add2l fib_monotone //. move: (leq_trans (leq_ltn_trans sa sb) lc); rewrite ltn_double. move/fib_monotone_bis; rewrite ltnS leq_eqVlt; case/orP => // emn. move: lk3; rewrite - (leq_pmul2l fp) - h (eqP emn). move: nz n2; clear; case: n => //n _; rewrite lucas_fib // fibSS. rewrite mulnS -addnA leq_add2l /= muln2 addnn leq_double leqNgt. case: n => //; case => //n; rewrite fib_smonotone // !ltnS leqnn //. move: (lucas_add m.-1 (n-m)); rewrite -addnS ww (subnK (ltnW la)) => eq2. have: lucas (n - m).+1 * fib m < lucas n. rewrite eq2 ltn_paddr // muln_gt0 lucas_gt0 fib_gt0 //. rewrite h mulnC ltn_mul2l fp /= => lb. case: (ltnP (n - m).+1 k) => lc; last first. by move: lb; rewrite ltnNge lucas_monotone //lc lt0n kz. have:lucas (n - m) * fib m.-1 < lucas (n - m) * fib m. by rewrite ltn_mul2l lucas_gt0 /= fib_smonotone // - ltnS ww lt2 leqnn. rewrite -(ltn_add2l (lucas (n - m).+1 * fib m)) -eq2 h -mulnDl -lucasSS. by rewrite mulnC ltn_mul2r fp /= ltnNge lucas_monotone. Qed. Lemma lucas_times_lucas_is_lucas m n k: k <= m -> lucas n == (lucas m) * (lucas k) = [ || [&& k ==0, m == 0 & n == 3], [&& k ==0, m == 1 & n == 0] | [&& k ==1 & m == n] ]. Proof. move => km. case kz: (k==0). rewrite mulnC (eqP kz) -[lucas 0]/(fib 3) fib_times_lucas_is_lucas. by rewrite /= ! andbF !orbF eqxx !andbT orbC. case k1: (k==1). by rewrite mulnC (eqP k1) lucas1 mul1n /= lucas_injective_bis. simpl; apply/negP => /eqP; rewrite lucas_lucas1 //. have ha: 1 < k by rewrite ltn_neqAle lt0n kz eq_sym k1. have hb:=(leq_add (leq_trans ha km) ha). have x0:= (gtn_eqF(ltnW (ltnW(ltnW hb)))). have x1 :=(gtn_eqF (ltnW(ltnW hb))). case ok: (odd k); last first. move/eqP; rewrite addnC lucas_plus_lucas ? leq_BD // x0 x1 !andbF /=. rewrite -{1} (subnKC km) addnAC addnn - add1n eqn_add2r. by move/andP => [/eqP ea _]; move:(f_equal odd ea); rewrite odd_double. case: (ltnP (lucas (m + k)) (lucas (m - k))) => hh. by rewrite (eqP (ltnW hh))=> h; move: (lucas_gt0 n); rewrite h. move => hc. have: lucas (m + k) == lucas (m - k) + lucas n. by rewrite - {1} (subnK hh) - hc addnC. case /orP: (leq_total (m - k) n) => la. rewrite lucas_plus_lucas // (gtn_eqF hb) x0 /= => /andP[_]. by rewrite - {1} (subnK km) -addnA -addn2 eqn_add2l addnn (eqn_double k 1) k1. rewrite (addnC (lucas _)) lucas_plus_lucas // (gtn_eqF hb) x0 /= => /andP[]. move/eqP => <- /eqP ea; move:(f_equal odd ea). by rewrite -{1} (subnK km) -addnA addnn odd_add /= odd_double addbF; case:odd. Qed. Lemma fib_times_fib_is_lucas m n k: k <= m -> lucas n == (fib m) * (fib k) = [|| (m==3) && [|| (k==1) && (n==0), (k==2) && (n==0) | (k==3) && (n==3)], (k==1) && [|| (n==1)&&(m==1), (n==1) &&(m==2) | (n==2) && (m==4) ] | (k==2) && [|| (n==1) &&(m==2) | (n==2) && (m==4) ] ]. Proof. set H := lucas_injective_bis. case m3:(m==3). rewrite (eqP m3) mulnC (fib_times_lucas_is_lucas n 0 k) /= !andbF !orbF. by rewrite orbA - andb_orl (andbC (k == 3)). case k1: (k == 1). rewrite /= (eqP k1) muln1 eq_sym (fib_eq_lucas) /=. case n0: (n==0); first by rewrite (eqP n0) /= m3. by case n1: (n==1); rewrite orbF // (eqP n1) /= !orbF. case k2: (k == 2). rewrite /= (eqP k2) muln1 eq_sym (fib_eq_lucas) m3 /= => /gtn_eqF ->. by rewrite andbF. move => le1 /=;apply/negP => h. case:(ltnP k 4) => k4. move: k4;rewrite leq_eqVlt eqSS; case /orP => k4. move: le1 h; rewrite (eqP k4) (fib_times_lucas_is_lucas n 0 m) => m2. by rewrite m3 (gtn_eqF m2) (gtn_eqF (ltnW m2)) /= andbF. move: k4; rewrite !ltnS leq_eqVlt k2 ltnS leq_eqVlt k1 ltnS leqn0 /= =>/eqP. by move => kz; move: (gtn_eqF (lucas_gt0 n)); rewrite (eqP h) kz muln0. move: (f_equal (muln 5) (eqP h));rewrite mulnA lucas_lucas2 // => h1. have la: m < m + k by rewrite -{1} (addn0 m) ltn_add2l (ltnW (ltnW(ltnW k4))). have bnd1:= (leq_add (leq_trans (ltnW k4) le1) k4). have bnd2 :=(subnK (ltnW(ltnW bnd1))). set q := (m + k - 5) in bnd2. move:(lucas5S q); rewrite bnd2 => ea. have eb: lucas (m - k) <= lucas q. case emk: (k==m). rewrite -(eqP emk) subnn; apply: ltnW; apply:(@lucas_monotone 2). by rewrite /= -(leq_add2r 5) bnd2 bnd1. have mp:=(ltn_predK (leq_trans k4 le1)). have mp1: m - k <= m.-1 by rewrite -(leq_add2r k) (subnK le1) -ltnS -addSn mp. apply: lucas_monotone;rewrite subn_gt0 ltn_neqAle emk le1 (leq_trans mp1) //. by rewrite -(leq_add2r 5) bnd2 -addSnnS mp leq_add2l. have: lucas (m - k) < 2 * lucas q. by apply: (leq_ltn_trans eb); rewrite -[X in X< _] mul1n ltn_mul2r lucas_gt0. rewrite - (ltn_add2l (lucas (m + k))) => sa. have sb: 5 * lucas n <= (lucas (m + k)) + (lucas (m - k)). rewrite h1; case: odd => //; apply: leq_BD. move: (leq_ltn_trans sb sa); rewrite ea - addnA -mulnDl - mulnDr - lucasSS. rewrite ltn_mul2l /= => e1. case: (ltnP q.+1 n) => e3. have: 0 < q.+2 <= n by []. by move/lucas_monotone; rewrite leqNgt e1. have ec: (lucas (m + k)) - (lucas (m - k)) <= 5 * lucas n. rewrite h1; case: odd => //; apply: leq_BD. have: 0 < (2 * lucas q + (lucas q - lucas (m - k))). move:(lucas_gt0 q); rewrite - double_gt0 - mul2n => pa. apply: (leq_trans pa); apply: leq_addr. move:(addnBA (5 * lucas q.+1 + 2 * lucas q) eb). rewrite - 2!addnA -mulSnr - ea -(ltn_add2l (5* lucas q.+1)) addn0. move => -> ed; move: (leq_trans ed ec); rewrite ltn_mul2l /= ltnNge => /negP. case; case: (posnP n) => np; last by apply: lucas_monotone; rewrite np e3. have: 0 < 3 <= q.+1 by rewrite /= -ltnS ltnS ltnS -(leq_add2r 5) bnd2. by move/lucas_monotone; apply: leq_trans; rewrite np. Qed. Lemma fib_sum_square_is_fib_square m n k: 0 < m <= n -> (fib m)^2 + (fib n)^2 = (fib k)^2 -> False. Proof. move => /andP [la lb] hb. case: (ltnP n k) => cp; last first. move:(fib_monotone cp); rewrite leqNgt => /negP; case. by rewrite -ltn_sqr -(add0n (fib n ^ 2)) -hb ltn_add2r sqrn_gt0 fib_gt0. move:(fib_monotone cp); rewrite -(leq_pmul2l (m:=2)) // => sa. case: (ltngtP 1 n). + move/fib_mon1 => sb; move:(leq_trans sb sa); rewrite leqNgt => /negP. case;rewrite -ltn_sqr !expnMn - hb -[3^2]/(5 + 2^2) mulnDr mulnDl ltn_add2r. apply: (@leq_ltn_trans (4 * fib n ^ 2)). by rewrite leq_pmul2l // leq_sqr fib_monotone. by rewrite ltn_pmul2r // expn_gt0 fib_gt0 // (leq_trans la lb). + by rewrite ltnNge (leq_trans la lb). + move => n1; move: hb; rewrite -n1; move /square_plus1_square => fz. by move: (fib_gt0 la); rewrite fz. Qed. Lemma lucas_sum_square_is_lucas_square m n k: m <= n -> (lucas m)^2 + (lucas n)^2 = (lucas k)^2 -> False. Proof. move => la hb. case kz: (k==0). case n1: (n == 1). by move:la hb; rewrite (eqP kz)(eqP n1); case:m => [|[|]]. have lb: 1 <= lucas m ^ 2 by rewrite (ltn_sqr 0) lucas_gt0. have lc: 4 <= lucas n ^ 2. move:n1;rewrite (leq_sqr 2); case: (n) => [|[|u _]] //. by apply: ltnW;apply: (@lucas_monotone 2). by move: (leq_add lb lc); rewrite hb (eqP kz). case: (ltnP n k) => cp; last first. have: 0 < k <= n by rewrite lt0n kz cp. move/lucas_monotone; rewrite leqNgt => /negP; case. by rewrite -ltn_sqr -(add0n (lucas n ^ 2)) -hb ltn_add2r sqrn_gt0 lucas_gt0. have HH x: 8< x.+3 ^ 2 by rewrite (leq_sqr 3 x.+3) //. have Ha x : x ^2 = 5 -> False. by case: x => [|[|[|x h]]] //; move: (HH x); rewrite h. have Hb x : x ^2 = 8 -> False. by case: x => [|[|[|x h]]] //; move: (HH x); rewrite h. case: (ltnP 2 n); last first. rewrite leq_eqVlt ltnS leq_eqVlt ltnS leqn0; case/or3P => n1. + move: la hb; rewrite (eqP n1);rewrite leq_eqVlt ltnS leq_eqVlt ltnS leqn0. case/or3P => m1. - by rewrite (eqP m1) addnn => /double_square_square. - by rewrite (eqP m1) addnC => /square_plus1_square. - rewrite (eqP m1) -[LHS]/13; case: (k) => [|[|[|x h]]] //. suff // : 0 < 3<=x.+3 by move/lucas_monotone; rewrite -leq_sqr -h. + move: hb; rewrite (eqP n1); move/square_plus1_square => lz. by move:(lucas_gt0 m); rewrite lz. + by move: la hb; rewrite (eqP n1) leqn0 => /eqP -> /esym /Hb. move /lucas_mon1 => sb. have: 0 < n.+1 <= k by rewrite cp. move/lucas_monotone; rewrite -(leq_pmul2l (m:=2)) // => sa. move:(leq_trans sb sa); rewrite leqNgt => /negP; case. rewrite -ltn_sqr !expnMn - hb -[3^2]/(5 + 2^2) mulnDr mulnDl ltn_add2r. case mz: (m==0). move: hb; rewrite (eqP mz); case:(n) =>[| [| n1]]. + by move/esym/Hb. + by move/esym/Ha. + move => _; apply: (@leq_trans 45) => //;rewrite (@leq_pmul2l 5 9) //. by rewrite (leq_sqr 3); apply:(@lucas_monotone 2). apply: (@leq_ltn_trans (4 * lucas n ^ 2)). by rewrite leq_pmul2l // leq_sqr lucas_monotone // la lt0n mz. by rewrite ltn_pmul2r // expn_gt0 lucas_gt0. Qed. Lemma lucas_lucas_fib_square m n k: m <= n -> ((lucas m)^2 + (lucas n^2) == (fib k)^2) = [&& m==2, n==3 & k==5]. Proof. have H x: lucas x = 0 -> False. by move/eqP;rewrite (gtn_eqF(lucas_gt0 x)). move => lemn; apply/eqP/idP; last first. by move =>/and3P [/eqP -> /eqP -> /eqP ->]. move:lemn;rewrite leq_eqVlt; case/orP => lmn. by rewrite (eqP lmn) addnn => /double_square_square => /H. case m0: (m==0). by rewrite (eqP m0) addnC => /square_plus4_square /H. case m1: (m==1). by rewrite (eqP m1) addnC => /square_plus1_square /H. have m2: 2 <= m by move: m0 m1; clear; case:m => [|[]]. have la: 3 <= lucas m by apply: (@lucas_monotone 2). have lb: 4 <= lucas n. by apply: (@lucas_monotone 3); rewrite /=(leq_ltn_trans m2 lmn). have lc: 25 <= lucas m ^ 2 + lucas n ^ 2. move: la; rewrite - leq_sqr => la. move: lb; rewrite - leq_sqr => lb. by rewrite (leq_add la lb). move => h; have ld: 5 <= (fib k) by rewrite -leq_sqr - h. move: h ld; case:k => [|[|[| [| [|]]]]] //; case. case lm2: (m==2). rewrite (eqP lm2) => /eqP. rewrite -[fib 5 ^ 2]/(lucas 2 ^ 2 + lucas 3 ^ 2) eqn_add2l. by rewrite eqn_sqr lucas_injective_bis => ->. have m3: 0 < 3 <= m by rewrite /= ltn_neqAle eq_sym lm2 m2. have: 0 < 4 <= n by rewrite /= (leq_trans _ lmn). move/lucas_monotone ; rewrite -leq_sqr => ha. move:(lucas_monotone m3); rewrite -leq_sqr => hb h. by move:(leq_add hb ha); rewrite h. have Ha a b: a <= a - b + b. case /orP: (leq_total a b) => lab; last by rewrite subnK. move:(lab); rewrite {1} /leq; move => /eqP ->//. move => k. have ->: k.+2.+4 = k+6 by rewrite !addnS addn0. have l05: 0 < 5 by []. have l5_12: 5 <= 12 by []. move:(lucas5S (k.*2+7)); rewrite -(addnA _ 7 5) -[7 + 5]/12 => Lk h _. set x := 5*( (lucas m.*2 + lucas n.*2)). have: (x <= lucas (k.*2+12) + 22) && (lucas (k.*2+12) <= x + 22). move /eqP: h; rewrite -(eqn_pmul2l l05). rewrite !lucas_square mulnA lucas_lucas2 ?leqnn // addnn subnn lucas0. have ->: odd (k + 6) = ~~(odd k.+1) by rewrite odd_add addbF/=; case: odd. pose T b x := (if b then subn else addn) x 2. have Ta: forall b x, x <= (T b x) + 2. by rewrite /T;move => b y; case b => //; rewrite -addnA leq_addr. have Tb: forall b x, (T b x) <= x + 2. rewrite /T;move => b y; case b => //; apply: leq_BD. rewrite doubleD if_neg => /eqP ha; apply/andP; split. move:(Tb (odd k.+1) (lucas(k.*2 + 12))); rewrite -(leq_add2r 20) - addnA. move: (leq_add (Ta (odd m) (lucas m.*2)) (Ta (odd n) (lucas n.*2))). rewrite addnACA; rewrite - (leq_pmul2l l05) (mulnDr _ _ 4) ha -/x. apply: leq_trans. apply: (leq_trans(Ta (odd k.+1) (lucas(k.*2 + 12)))). rewrite (addnA _ 20 2) leq_add2r /T -ha /x - (mulnDr 5 _ 4) leq_pmul2l //. rewrite -[4]/(2 +2) addnACA; apply: leq_add; apply: Tb. move /andP => [ha hb]. have le: lucas (k.*2+12) +22 < 5* lucas (k.*2 +9). rewrite Lk (addnS k.*2 8) (addnS k.*2 7). rewrite lucasSS - addnA mulnDr ltn_add2l(mulnDl 3 2) ltn_add2l mul2n. rewrite (ltn_double 11); apply: (@lucas_smonotone 5); rewrite l05 //=. by rewrite -addSnnS -{1} (add0n 6) leq_add2r. have hc: 5 * lucas n.*2 <= x by rewrite /x mulnDr leq_addl. move: (leq_ltn_trans (leq_trans hc ha) le); rewrite ltn_pmul2l //. case: (ltngtP (k.*2 +8) n.*2 ) => hd. by rewrite ltnNge; move/negP; case; apply: lucas_monotone;rewrite addnS hd. have he: x + 22 <= 5 * (lucas n.*2.+1) + 22. move: lmn; rewrite - ltn_double => sa. have hx:= (ltn_predK sa). rewrite leq_add2r /x (leq_pmul2l l05) -{2}hx lucasSS addnC hx leq_add2l. by apply: lucas_monotone; rewrite (ltn_double 0) lt0n m0 - ltnS hx //. have : 22 <3 * lucas (k.*2 +7). apply: ltnW; rewrite (@leq_pmul2l 3 8) => //; apply: (@lucas_smonotone 4). by rewrite /= (addnA _ 2 5) leq_addl. rewrite - (ltn_add2l (5 * lucas n.*2.+1)) => hf. move: (leq_ltn_trans (leq_trans hb he) hf). rewrite Lk ltn_add2r (ltn_pmul2l l05) ltnNge => /negP; case. by apply:lucas_monotone; rewrite - addnS hd. move /eqP: hd; rewrite -(doubleD k 4) eqn_double eq_sym => /eqP hd _. move:ha hb; rewrite /x Lk hd doubleD mulnDr addnC (addnS k.*2 7) - 2!addnA. rewrite !leq_add2l (addnS k.*2 6) (addnS k.*2 5) lucasSS (addnS k.*2 4) lucasSS. rewrite addnAC addnn -(mul2n (lucas _)) mulnDr mulnA => ec ed. set u := lucas (k.*2 + 4).+1 + 3 * lucas (k.*2 + 4). have : 22 < u. apply: (@leq_trans (lucas 5 + 3 * (lucas 4))) => //. by apply: leq_add; rewrite ?(@leq_pmul2l 3)-? addnS //; apply: (lucas_monotone); rewrite /= leq_addl. rewrite -(ltn_add2l (5 * lucas m.*2)) => ef. move:(leq_ltn_trans ed ef); rewrite (mulSnr 5) - addnA ltn_add2r ltn_pmul2l //. move => ww. case: (ltngtP (k.*2 + 4).+2 (m.*2)) => eg. + have: 0 < (k.*2 + 4).+3 <= m.*2 by rewrite eg. move/lucas_monotone; rewrite -(leq_pmul2l l05) => sa. move:(leq_trans sa ec); rewrite lucasSS mulnDr (mulSnr 5) - 2!addnA. rewrite addnC leq_add2l lucasSS mulnDr (addnC _ 22) (mulSn 4) - addnA. rewrite leq_add2l (mulnDl 2 3) addnA leq_add2r. have: 0 < 4 <= (k.*2 + 4).+1 by rewrite /= -addSn leq_addl. move/lucas_monotone;rewrite -(@leq_pmul2l 4) // => sb sc. have sd: 22 < 4* lucas 4 by []. move: (leq_trans (leq_ltn_trans sc sd) sb). rewrite ltnNge; move/negP; case; apply: leq_addr. + move: ww; rewrite ltnNge => /negP; case; apply: lucas_monotone. by rewrite - (ltnS m.*2) eg double_gt0 lt0n m0. + move:ec; rewrite - eg lucasSS mulnDr (mulSnr 5) - 2!addnA leq_add2l. rewrite (addnC _ 22) addnA (mulnDl 2 3) leq_add2r addnS lucasSS mul2n - addnn. rewrite - addnA leq_add2l addnS lucasSS leq_add2l. move: eg; rewrite -!addnS -(doubleD k 3) =>/eqP; rewrite eqn_double =>/eqP ha. have L1: lucas 1 = 1 by rewrite lucas1. have L2: lucas 2 = 3 by []. have L3: lucas 3 = 4 by rewrite lucasSS. have L4: lucas 4 = 7 by rewrite lucasSS L3 L2. have L5: lucas 5 = 11 by rewrite lucasSS L4 L3. have L6: lucas 6 = 18 by rewrite lucasSS L5 L4. have L7: lucas 7 = 29 by rewrite lucasSS L6 L5. have F5: fib 5 = 5 by []. have F6: fib 6 = 8 by rewrite fibSS F5. have F7: fib 7 = 13 by rewrite fibSS F6 F5. have F8: fib 8 = 21 by rewrite fibSS F6 F7. move: h; rewrite hd - ha; case k => [|[ | [| k']]]; rewrite ? L3 ? L4 ? L5 ? L6 ? F5 ? F6 ? F7 ? F8 //. have: 0 < 8 <= ((k'.+3).*2 + 2) by rewrite /= addn2 !doubleS //. move/lucas_monotone => sa _ sb. by move: (leq_trans sa sb); rewrite lucasSS L7 L6. Qed. Lemma fib_sum_square_is_fib_square_bis m n k: (fib m)^2 + (fib n)^2 == (fib k)^2 = ((m==0) && (fib n== fib k)) || ((n == 0) && (fib m== fib k)). Proof. wlog: m n / m <= n. move => H; case/orP:(leq_total m n); first by apply: H. by move => h; rewrite addnC orbC; apply: H. move => mn; case: (posnP m) => mp. by rewrite mp add0n eqn_sqr; case: (posnP n) => np; rewrite ?orbF//?np ?orbb. rewrite (gtn_eqF (leq_trans mp mn)) /=. by apply/eqP /fib_sum_square_is_fib_square; rewrite mn mp. Qed. Lemma lucas_fib_lucas_square m n k: ((fib m)^2 + (lucas n^2) == (fib k)^2) = ((m==0) && (fib k == lucas n)) || [&& k ==5, m==4 & n==3]. Proof. case :(posnP m) => mz; first by rewrite mz eqn_sqr eq_sym /= !andbF orbF. have fmp:=(fib_gt0 mz). have fm: ~(fib m = 0) by move => h; move: fmp; rewrite h. case:n => [|[|[| [|n]]]]. + by rewrite /= !andbF; apply/negP => /eqP /square_plus4_square. + by rewrite /= !andbF; apply/negP => /eqP /square_plus1_square. + rewrite -[lucas 2]/(fib 4). by rewrite (fib_sum_square_is_fib_square_bis) (gtn_eqF mz) !andbF. rewrite -[lucas 3 ^ 2]/(4 ^2) square_plus16_square (gtn_eqF fmp) /=. + by rewrite (fib_eq m 4) (fib_eq k 5) /= !andbF !orbF andbT andbC. + rewrite !andbF /=; apply/negP => /eqP. have ln : ~(lucas n.+4 = 0) by move => h; move: (lucas_gt0 n.+4);rewrite h. case: (ltngtP (fib m) (lucas n.+4)); last first. by move => ->; rewrite addnn; move/double_square_square. move => sa sb. case: (ltnP m k) => ha. move: (mz); rewrite leq_eqVlt; case/orP => m2. by move: sb; rewrite addnC - (eqP m2); move /square_plus1_square. move:(fib_mon1 m2); rewrite - leq_sqr !expnMn => h. move: (fib_monotone ha); rewrite - leq_sqr => sc. have: (lucas n.+4) ^2 < (fib m)^2 by rewrite ltn_sqr sa. rewrite -(ltn_add2l (fib m ^ 2)) sb addnn - mul2n => sd. move: (leq_ltn_trans sc sd); rewrite -(@ltn_pmul2l 4) // mulnA => hc. by move:(leq_ltn_trans h hc); rewrite (ltn_pmul2r) // sqrn_gt0. move: (fib_monotone ha); rewrite -leq_sqr - sb leqNgt => /negP; case. by rewrite -{1} (addn0 (fib m ^ 2)) ltn_add2l sqrn_gt0 lucas_gt0. move => sa sb; case: (ltngtP k (n.+4.+2))=> kn4. + have hh: lucas n.+4 < fib k. by rewrite -ltn_sqr -(add0n (lucas n.+4 ^ 2)) - sb ltn_add2r sqrn_gt0. rewrite ltnS in kn4; move: (leq_trans hh (fib_monotone kn4)). by rewrite lucas_fib //= -{2} (addn0 (fib n.+4.+1)) ltn_add2l ltn0. + move:(fib_monotone kn4); rewrite fib3S -leq_sqr. move: sa; rewrite -ltn_sqr -(ltn_add2r (lucas n.+4 ^ 2)) sb addnn => sc sd. move: (leq_ltn_trans sd sc); rewrite ltnNge => /negP; case. rewrite sqrnD lucas_fib //= sqrnD 2!doubleD - 2!addnA -(muln2 (fib n.+4.+1)). have: (fib n.+4.+1 ^ 2).*2 + (fib n.+3 ^ 2).*2 <= (fib n.+4.+1 * 2) ^ 2. rewrite expnMn - doubleD (mulnA _ 2 2) muln2 muln2 leq_double - addnn. by rewrite leq_add2l leq_sqr fib_monotone // ltnS; apply: ltnW; apply: ltnW. rewrite -(@leq_add2r (fib n.+4 ^ 2 + 2 * (fib n.+4.+1 * 2 * fib n.+4))) => ww. apply:leq_trans ww; rewrite - addnA leq_add2l leq_add2l (mulnC _ 2) -mul2n. apply: (@leq_trans (2 * (2 * (fib n.+4.+1 * fib n.+4)))). by rewrite !leq_pmul2l //? fib_gt0 // fib_monotone. by rewrite - mulnA leq_addl. move /eqP: sb; rewrite kn4 lucas_fib //= fib3S (fib3S n.+3) addnAC - addnA. rewrite -fibSS - !mul2n 2!sqrnD 2!expnMn mulnAC addnA eqn_add2r addnA. rewrite (mulSnr 3) (mulSn 3) - (addnA (fib n.+4 ^ 2)) addnC eqn_add2l. rewrite addnA eqn_add2r => sx. have sc: 3 * (fib n.+3)^2 < 2 *(fib n.+4)^2. have ww: 1 < n.+3 by []. move:(fib_mon1 ww); rewrite - (@leq_pmul2r (fib n.+3)) ? fib_gt0 // => h. rewrite - mulnn - mulnn 2!mulnA; apply: (leq_ltn_trans h). by rewrite (ltn_pmul2l) // ?fib_smonotone //= muln_gt0 fib_gt0. have sb: 3 * fib n.+4 ^ 2 < (fib n.+4.+2)^2. rewrite (fibSS (n.+4)) (fibSS (n.+3)) addnAC addnn sqrnD - addnA. rewrite -mul2n expnMn (mulSnr 3) -addnA -[X in X < _] (addn0) ltn_add2l. by rewrite addn_gt0 sqrn_gt0 fib_gt0. case: (ltngtP m n.+4.+1). + rewrite ltnS; move/fib_monotone; rewrite leqNgt - ltn_sqr. by rewrite -(ltn_add2r (2 * fib n.+4 ^ 2)) - mulSn - (eqP sx) ltn_add2l sc. + move/fib_monotone; rewrite -leq_sqr => sd. by move:(leq_trans sb sd); rewrite - (eqP sx) ltnNge leq_addr. + move => eq1. move: sx; rewrite (fib_square_succ n.+2) addnC mulnDr eqn_add2l eq1. rewrite -mulnn mulnA eqn_pmul2r ? fib_gt0 // fib4S - {2}(addn0 (3 *_)). rewrite eqn_add2l double_eq0 fib_eq0 //. Qed. (** Properties of ordered sequences *) Definition ggen := [rel m n | m >= n.+2]. Definition llen := [rel n m | ggen m n]. Definition even := [pred n | ~~ (odd n) ]. Lemma sorted_gtn l: uniq l -> sorted gtn (rev (sort leq l)). Proof. rewrite rev_sorted ltn_sorted_uniq_leq sort_uniq (sort_sorted leq_total) => ->. done. Qed. Lemma transitive_llen: transitive llen. Proof. by move => x y z /= sa /ltnW sb; exact: (ltn_trans sa sb). Qed. Lemma irreflexive_llen: irreflexive llen. Proof. by move => x /=; rewrite ltnNge leqnSn. Qed. Lemma sorted_ggenW s : sorted ggen s -> sorted gtn s. Proof. by case: s => //= n s; elim: s n => //= m s IHs n /andP [/ltnW -> /IHs]. Qed. Lemma sorted_ggenS s : all even s -> sorted gtn s -> sorted ggen s. Proof. case: s => // n s; elim: s n => //= m s Ihs n /andP [on ha] /andP [lnm hb]. rewrite Ihs //; case/andP:ha => /negbTE => om _; move: lnm. by rewrite (evenE(negbTE on)) (evenE om) - doubleS leq_double ltn_double andbT. Qed. Lemma sorted_llen_uniq l: sorted llen l -> uniq l. Proof. apply: (sorted_uniq transitive_llen irreflexive_llen). Qed. Lemma sorted_ggen_uniq l : sorted ggen l -> uniq l. Proof. by rewrite - {2} (revK l) - rev_sorted rev_uniq; apply: sorted_llen_uniq. Qed. Lemma uniq_llen a l: sorted llen (a :: l) -> uniq l. Proof. by move/path_sorted => /sorted_llen_uniq. Qed. Lemma path_all_llen a l: path llen a l -> all (llen a) l. Proof. by apply: (order_path_min transitive_llen). Qed. Lemma sorted_ggen_succ l: sorted ggen (succ_seq l) = sorted ggen l. Proof. by case: l => //= a l; elim: l a => // a l H b /=; rewrite ltnS H. Qed. Lemma sorted_llen_succ l: sorted llen (succ_seq l) = sorted llen l. Proof. by case: l => //= a l; elim: l a => // a l H b /=; rewrite ltnS H. Qed. Lemma mkseq_uniq (f: nat -> nat) a n: injective f -> uniq [seq (f i) | i <- iota a n]. Proof. move => h; rewrite (map_inj_uniq h); exact: iota_uniq. Qed. Lemma sorted_llen_mkseq f a n: (forall u, llen (f u) (f u.+1)) -> sorted llen [seq (f i) | i <- iota a n]. Proof. move => h; case: n => // n /=; elim: n a => // n Hrec a /=. rewrite (Hrec a.+1) andbT; exact: (h a). Qed. Lemma sorted_llen_mkseq_e a n: sorted llen [seq i.*2 | i <- iota a n]. Proof. by apply:sorted_llen_mkseq => u /=; rewrite doubleS !ltnS. Qed. Lemma sorted_ggen_sdouble n: sorted ggen (rev (mkseq double n)). Proof. by rewrite rev_sorted; apply:sorted_llen_mkseq_e. Qed. Lemma sorted_ge2_all_ps l: sorted ggen (rcons l 0) -> all (leq 2) l /\ all (leq 1) l. Proof. rewrite - rev_sorted rev_rcons; move/path_all_llen; rewrite all_rev => h. by split; apply/allP => [x /(allP h) //= /ltnW]. Qed. (** Definition of [Zeck_val ] etc *) Definition Zeck_val l := \sum_(i <-l) fib (i.+2). Definition Zeck_valp l := \sum_(i <-l) fib (i.+1). Definition Zeck_valpp l := \sum_(i <-l) fib i. Lemma Zeckv_nil : Zeck_val nil = 0. Proof. by rewrite /Zeck_val big_nil. Qed. Lemma Zeckv_cons n l: Zeck_val (n ::l) = fib (n.+2) + Zeck_val l. Proof. by rewrite /Zeck_val big_cons. Qed. Lemma Zeckvp_cons n l: Zeck_valp (n ::l) = fib (n.+1) + Zeck_valp l. Proof. by rewrite /Zeck_valp big_cons. Qed. Lemma Zeckv_rev l: Zeck_val (rev l) = Zeck_val l. Proof. by rewrite /Zeck_val sum_rev. Qed. Lemma Zeckvp_rev l: Zeck_valp (rev l) = Zeck_valp l. Proof. by rewrite /Zeck_valp sum_rev. Qed. Lemma Zeck_valppE l: Zeck_val l = Zeck_valp l + Zeck_valpp l. Proof. rewrite /Zeck_val/Zeck_valp/Zeck_valpp. by elim:l => [| a l H]; rewrite ?big_nil // !big_cons addnACA fibSS H. Qed. Lemma Zeckv_pos n l: 0 < Zeck_val (n ::l). Proof. by rewrite Zeckv_cons addn_gt0 fib_gt0. Qed. Lemma Zeckv_bound0 n l : path gtn n l -> (Zeck_val (n::l)).+2 <= fib (n.+4). Proof. elim: l n => [n _ | a l Hrec /= n/andP []]. rewrite Zeckv_cons Zeckv_nil - addnS - addnS (fibSS n.+2) addnC. by rewrite leq_add2r (@fib_monotone 3). rewrite - 3!ltnS => /fib_monotone la /Hrec lb. by rewrite fibSS addnC Zeckv_cons -addnS ltn_add2l (leq_trans lb la). Qed. Lemma Zeckv_bound1 n l : path gtn n l -> Zeck_val (n::l) < fib (n.+4). Proof. by move/Zeckv_bound0 => /ltnW. Qed. Lemma Zeckv_bound2 n l : path ggen n l -> Zeck_val (n::l) < fib (n.+3). Proof. elim: l n => [n _ | a l Hrec /= n/andP []]. by rewrite Zeckv_cons Zeckv_nil addn0 fib_smonotone_bis. rewrite - ltnS => /fib_monotone la /Hrec lb. by rewrite fibSS Zeckv_cons ltn_add2l (leq_trans lb la). Qed. Lemma Zeckv_bound3 l n: uniq l -> (all (leq^~ n) l) -> (Zeck_val l).+2 <= fib n.+4. Proof. move /sorted_gtn;set l' := (rev (sort leq l)) => sa /allP sb. have hc: perm_eq l l'. rewrite /l' perm_eq_sym; apply:(@perm_eq_trans _ (sort leq l)). by elim:(sort leq l)=> // a s h; rewrite rev_cons perm_rcons perm_cons. by apply/perm_eqlP; apply: perm_sort. have ->: (Zeck_val l) = (Zeck_val l') by apply: eq_big_perm. have:(all (leq^~ n) l'). apply/allP => x; rewrite -(perm_eq_mem hc x); apply: sb. move: sa; case l'. by move => _ _; rewrite Zeckv_nil -[1]/(fib 2) //; apply:fib_smonotone_bis. move => a s pa pb; apply: (leq_trans (Zeckv_bound0 pa)). by apply: fib_monotone; rewrite !ltnS; apply/(allP pb); rewrite inE eqxx. Qed. Lemma Zeck2_unique (s s': seq nat) : sorted ggen s -> sorted ggen s' -> Zeck_val s = Zeck_val s' -> s = s'. Proof. have A a l: Zeck_val [::] = Zeck_val (a :: l) -> False. by rewrite Zeckv_nil => h; move: (Zeckv_pos a l); rewrite - h. elim: s' s; first by case => // a l _ _; move/ esym /A. move => a l Hrec; case; first by move => _ _ /A. move => a' l'; rewrite !Zeckv_cons => pa pb ec. suff aux:(a' == a). move /eqP: ec; rewrite (eqP aux) eqn_add2l => /eqP h. by rewrite (Hrec l' (path_sorted pa) (path_sorted pb) h). move:(Zeckv_bound2 pa); rewrite Zeckv_cons ec. move/ (leq_ltn_trans (leq_addr (Zeck_val l) (fib a.+2))) => /fib_monotone_bis. move:(Zeckv_bound2 pb); rewrite Zeckv_cons -ec. move/ (leq_ltn_trans (leq_addr (Zeck_val l') (fib a'.+2))) => /fib_monotone_bis. by rewrite !ltnS eqn_leq => -> ->. Qed. Definition odd_last l := if l is a::b then odd(last a b) else 2. Lemma Zeck_valp_aux l: sorted gtn l -> exists (l': seq nat), [/\ sorted ggen l', odd_last l = odd_last l', Zeck_val l = Zeck_val l', Zeck_valp l = Zeck_valp l' & size l' <= size l ?= iff (sorted ggen l)]. Proof. have Hb a s: Zeck_valp (a::s) = fib (a.+1) + Zeck_valp s. by rewrite /Zeck_valp big_cons. pose z l := (Zeck_val l, Zeck_valp l, odd_last l). have He a l1 : z [:: a.+1, a & l1] = z (a.+2 :: l1). have od: odd (last a.+2 l1)= odd (last a l1) by case: l1 => //=;case: odd. by rewrite /z !Zeckv_cons !Hb addnA addnA - !fibSS /= od. have Hf a l1 l2: z l1 = z l2 -> z (a :: l1) = z (a::l2). rewrite /z !Zeckv_cons !Hb; case => eq1 eq2 eq3; rewrite eq1 eq2 /=. suff: odd (last a l1) = odd (last a l2) by move => ->. move: eq1 eq3; clear; case: l1; case: l2 => //. + by move => u v h;move:(Zeckv_pos u v); rewrite -h Zeckv_nil. + by move => u v h;move:(Zeckv_pos u v); rewrite h Zeckv_nil. + by move => u la v lb //= _; case:odd; case:odd. suff H: forall (a:nat) l, sorted gtn (a :: l) -> exists (b:nat) s, [/\ sorted ggen (b::s), z(a::l) = z(b::s), b <= a.+1 & size s <= size l ?= iff sorted ggen (a::l) ]. case: l => //; first by move => _; exists nil. by move => a l /H [b [s [pa [pb pc pd _] pf]]]; exists (b::s). move => {l} a l. move: {2} ((size l).+1) (ltnSn (size l))=> n; elim: n a l; first by case. move => n Hrec a [_ _ | b l ]; first by exists a, nil. rewrite /= ltnS => lt1 /andP [lt2 pa]. move: lt2; rewrite leq_eqVlt; case /orP => [/eqP <- | lt3]. move: l lt1 pa; case; first by exists (b.+2), nil; rewrite ltnn. move => c l /= pa /andP [pb pc]. move: (Hrec c l (ltn_trans (ltnSn (size l)) pa) pc). move => [u [v [/= qa qb qc qd]]]; exists (b.+2), (u::v). rewrite He (Hf b.+2 _ _ qb) /= qa ! ltnS (leq_trans qc pb) ltnn. by split => //; apply/leqifP; rewrite !ltnS /= qd. case ww: (path ggen b l). by exists a, (b::l);rewrite /= lt3 ww; split => //; apply /leqif_refl. move: (Hrec b l lt1 pa) => [c [l' [r1 /(Hf a _ _ ) -> r4]] sc]. move:(leq_ltn_trans r4 lt3); rewrite leq_eqVlt; case /orP => lt4; last first. by exists a, (c:: l'); rewrite /= lt4 lt3 /= -ww mono_leqif. exists (a.+1), l'; rewrite - (eqP lt4) He andbF. move: sc; rewrite /sorted ww => /leqifP => /ltnW ss. have K:size l' <= (size l).+1 ?= iff false by apply /leqifP; rewrite ltnS. split => //; move: r1; case l' => // d l'' /= /andP[ w ->]. by rewrite (ltn_trans w (ltn_trans (ltnSn c) (ltnSn c.+1))). Qed. Lemma Zeck_valp_same (l1 l2: seq nat): sorted gtn l1 -> sorted gtn l2 -> Zeck_val l1 = Zeck_val l2 -> Zeck_valp l1 = Zeck_valp l2 /\ odd_last l1 = odd_last l2. Proof. move /Zeck_valp_aux => [l3 [pa -> -> -> _]] /Zeck_valp_aux [l4 [pb -> -> -> _]]. by move/(Zeck2_unique pa pb) ->. Qed. (** Existence of a representation *) Fact fib_cont_aux1 n: exists i, fib i.+2 <= n.+1. Proof. by exists 0. Qed. Fact fib_cont_aux2 n i: fib i.+2 <= n.+1 -> i <= n. Proof. by move /(leq_trans (fib_gen i.+1)); rewrite ltnS. Qed. Definition fib_content n := ex_maxn (fib_cont_aux1 n) (@fib_cont_aux2 n). Lemma fib_contentP n (r := fib_content n): fib r.+2 <= n.+1 < fib r.+3. Proof. rewrite /r /fib_content;case:ex_maxnP => i sa sb; rewrite sa /=. by case: (ltnP (n.+1) (fib i.+3)) => // /sb; rewrite ltnn. Qed. Lemma fib_content_lt n (r := fib_content n): n.+1 - fib r.+2 < fib r.+1. Proof. move :(fib_contentP n) => /andP; rewrite -/r; move => [/subnK -{1} <- ]. by rewrite (fibSS r.+1) addnC ltn_add2l. Qed. Lemma fib_content_large m: m.+1 - fib (fib_content m).+2 <= m. Proof. by rewrite fib_pos subSS leq_subr. Qed. Lemma fib_content_eq n: fib_content ((fib n.+2).-1) = n. Proof. move: (fib_contentP (fib n.+2).-1). rewrite /= - fib_pos => /andP[sa /fib_monotone_bis]. rewrite !ltnS leq_eqVlt; case/orP; first by move/eqP. by move => /fib_smonotone_bis; rewrite ltnNge sa. Qed. (** The Zeckendorf function *) Fixpoint Zeck_rec n k:= if k is k'.+1 then if n is n'.+1 then let r := fib_content n' in r:: Zeck_rec (n - (fib (r.+2))) k' else nil else nil. Definition Zeck n := Zeck_rec n n. Lemma Zeck_0 : Zeck 0 = nil. Proof. by []. Qed. Lemma Zeck_S' n (r := fib_content n) : Zeck n.+1 = r :: (Zeck (n.+1 - (fib (r.+2)))). Proof. have Ha := fib_content_large. suff aux: forall m n k1 k2, m <= k1 -> m <= k2 -> n <= m -> Zeck_rec n k1 = Zeck_rec n k2. by congr cons; apply: (aux (n.+1 - fib (fib_content n).+2)). clear n r. elim; first by move => n k1 k2 _ _;rewrite leqn0 => /eqP ->; case: k1; case: k2. move => m Hrec n; case => // k1; case => // k2; rewrite (leq_eqVlt n) ! ltnS. move => mk1 mk2 /orP [ /eqP ->| lenm]; first by congr cons; apply:Hrec. by apply: Hrec => //; apply: ltnW; rewrite ltnS. Qed. Lemma Zeck_S k n: fib k.+2 <= n < fib k.+3 -> Zeck n = k :: Zeck (n - fib k.+2). Proof. case: n => [|n bd]; first by rewrite leqn0 fib_eq0. move /eqP: (fib_partition (fib_contentP n) bd); rewrite eqSS eqSS Zeck_S'. by move/eqP ->. Qed. Lemma Zeck_fib n: Zeck (fib n.+2) = [:: n]. Proof. have eq1:= (fib_pos n.+1). by rewrite eq1 Zeck_S' fib_content_eq - eq1 subnn Zeck_0. Qed. Lemma Zeck_1 : Zeck 1 = [:: 0]. Proof. exact: (Zeck_fib 0). Qed. Lemma Zeck_2 : Zeck 2 = [:: 1]. Proof. exact: (Zeck_fib 1). Qed. Lemma Zeck_ggen n: sorted ggen (Zeck n). Proof. elim: n {-2} n (leqnn n) => [ [] | n Hr k] //;rewrite leq_eqVlt ltnS. case /orP => //; [move/eqP => -> | by apply: Hr]. move: (fib_content_lt n)(fib_content_large n); rewrite Zeck_S' /= => sa sb. move:(Hr _ sb) sa; case: (_ - _) => // v; rewrite Zeck_S' /= => -> la. move/andP: (fib_contentP v) => [lb _]; move: (leq_ltn_trans lb la). by move/fib_monotone_bis; rewrite ltnS andbT. Qed. Lemma Zeck_uniq n: uniq (Zeck n). Proof. exact: (sorted_ggen_uniq (Zeck_ggen n)). Qed. Lemma Zeck_zeck_val n: Zeck_val (Zeck n) = n. Proof. elim: n {-2} n (leqnn n). by move => n; rewrite leqn0 => /eqP ->; rewrite Zeck_0 Zeckv_nil. move=> n IH n1; rewrite leq_eqVlt; case/orP=> [/eqP ->|Hn]; last first. by apply: IH; rewrite -ltnS. rewrite Zeck_S' Zeckv_cons; move:(fib_content_large n) => h. by rewrite (IH _ h); apply: subnKC; move/andP: (fib_contentP n) => []. Qed. Lemma ZeckP l: sorted ggen l -> Zeck (Zeck_val l) = l. Proof. move => h. by apply: (Zeck2_unique (Zeck_ggen (Zeck_val l)) h); rewrite Zeck_zeck_val. Qed. Lemma Zeck_prop1 n: n != 0 -> exists a l, [/\ sorted llen (a::l), Zeck n = rev (a::l) & n = Zeck_val (a::l) ]. Proof. move:(Zeck_ggen n)(Zeck_zeck_val n); case: n => // n. rewrite Zeck_S' - (revK (_ :: _)) /= rev_sorted split_rev. set u := last _ _; set v := behead _ => ra rb _. by exists u, v; split => //; rewrite - rb Zeckv_rev. Qed. Lemma Zeck_is_minimal l n (L := Zeck n): sorted gtn l -> Zeck_val l = n -> size L <= size l ?= iff (l == L). Proof. move => ha hb; apply /leqifP. move: (Zeck_valp_aux ha) => [ s [ /ZeckP pa _ pc _]]. rewrite -pa - pc hb -/L; move /leqifP. case wx: (sorted ggen l); first by rewrite - (ZeckP wx) hb !eqxx. by case wy: (l == L) => //; rewrite (eqP wy). Qed. (** Least element of the canonical representation *) Definition Zeck_li n := last n (Zeck n). Lemma Zeck_val_bounded n: all (fun i => fib i.+2 <= n) (Zeck n). Proof. rewrite - {1} (Zeck_zeck_val n) /Zeck_val; elim: (Zeck n) => // a l H. rewrite /= big_cons leq_addr /=;apply /allP => [x /(allP H) h]. by apply: (leq_trans h); rewrite leq_addl. Qed. Lemma Zeck_val_bounded1 n: all (fun i => i < n) (Zeck n). Proof. apply/allP => x /(allP (Zeck_val_bounded n)) h. exact: (leq_trans (fib_gen x.+1) h). Qed. Lemma Zeck_li_pr n: n != 0 -> Zeck_li n < n. Proof. move: (Zeck_val_bounded1 n); rewrite/Zeck_li;case: n => // n. by rewrite (Zeck_S' n) => sa sb; apply: (allP sa); simpl; apply:mem_last. Qed. Lemma Zeck_li_prop1 n : all (leq (Zeck_li n)) (Zeck n). Proof. rewrite /Zeck_li; case: n => // n. move: (Zeck_prop1 (n:=n.+1) isT) => [a [l [pa -> _]]]. rewrite rev_cons last_rcons all_rcons (leqnn) /= all_rev. by apply /allP => [x /(allP (path_all_llen pa)) /ltnW /ltnW /=]. Qed. Lemma Zeck_li_prop2 n k: k < (Zeck_li n) -> all [pred z | k < z] (Zeck n). Proof. by move => h; apply/allP => [x /(allP (Zeck_li_prop1 n))]; apply: leq_trans. Qed. (** The function e *) Definition Zeckp n := Zeck_valp (Zeck n). Lemma Zeckp_0: Zeckp 0 = 0. Proof. by rewrite /Zeckp Zeck_0 /Zeck_valp big_nil. Qed. Lemma Zeckp_1: Zeckp 1 = 1. Proof. by rewrite /Zeckp Zeck_1 /Zeck_valp big_cons big_nil. Qed. Lemma Zeckp_eq0 n: (Zeckp n == 0) = (n == 0). Proof. case:n; first by rewrite Zeckp_0. by move => n; rewrite /Zeckp Zeck_S' /Zeck_valp big_cons addn_eq0 fib_eq0 //. Qed. Lemma Zeckp_prop00 l: sorted gtn l -> Zeckp (Zeck_val l) = Zeck_valp l /\ odd_last(Zeck (Zeck_val l)) = odd_last l. Proof. move => h;rewrite /Zeckp; apply: Zeck_valp_same => //. apply: sorted_ggenW; apply:Zeck_ggen. exact:Zeck_zeck_val. Qed. Lemma Zeckp_prop0 l: sorted gtn l -> Zeckp (Zeck_val l) = Zeck_valp l. Proof. by move /Zeckp_prop00 => []. Qed. Lemma Zeck_odd_last_prop l: sorted gtn l -> odd_last(Zeck (Zeck_val l)) = odd_last l. Proof. by move /Zeckp_prop00 => []. Qed. Lemma Zeckp_prop1 (l: seq nat): uniq l -> Zeckp (Zeck_val l) = Zeck_valp l. Proof. move /sorted_gtn;set l' := (rev (sort leq l)). have hb:perm_eq (sort leq l) l by apply/perm_eqlP; apply: perm_sort. have ha: forall (l: seq nat), perm_eq (rev l) l. by elim => // a s h; rewrite rev_cons perm_rcons perm_cons. have hc: perm_eq l l' by rewrite perm_eq_sym;apply: (perm_eq_trans (ha _ ) hb). have ->: (Zeck_val l) = (Zeck_val l') by apply: eq_big_perm. have ->: (Zeck_valp l) = (Zeck_valp l') by apply: eq_big_perm. apply: Zeckp_prop0. Qed. Lemma Zeckp_prop1_bis l: all (leq 1) l -> uniq l -> Zeckp (Zeck_valp l) = Zeck_valpp l. Proof. move => sb; rewrite (seq_prednK sb) /Zeck_valp /Zeck_valpp /succ_seq. move/ map_uniq; rewrite big_map big_map; apply:Zeckp_prop1. Qed. Lemma Zeckp_prop2 n : n = Zeckp n + Zeck_valpp (Zeck n). Proof. by rewrite - {1} (Zeck_zeck_val n) /Zeckp Zeck_valppE. Qed. Lemma Zeckp_prop2_bis l (s := [seq i.+1 | i <- l]): [/\ Zeck_valp s = Zeck_val l, Zeck_valpp s = Zeck_valp l & Zeck_val l + Zeck_valp l = Zeck_val s]. Proof. by rewrite (Zeck_valppE s) /s /Zeck_valp /Zeck_val /Zeck_valpp !big_map. Qed. Lemma Zeckp_le n: Zeckp n <= n ?= iff (n <= 1). Proof. apply/leqifP; case:n => [ | [ | n]]; rewrite ? Zeckp_0 ? Zeckp_1 //=. rewrite {2} (Zeckp_prop2 n.+2); apply: ltn_paddr. rewrite Zeck_S' /Zeck_valpp big_cons; move: (fib_contentP n.+1) => /=. case: (fib_content n.+1); [ rewrite !ltnS // | move => k _]. by rewrite addn_gt0 fib_gt0. Qed. Lemma Zeck_split a l x: sorted llen (a :: l) -> x <= fib a.+2 -> Zeckp (x + (Zeck_val l)) = Zeckp x + Zeckp (Zeck_val l). Proof. move => sr le1; move:(uniq_llen sr) (path_all_llen sr) => h sa. rewrite (Zeckp_prop1 h) {2}/Zeckp - {1}(Zeck_zeck_val x) /Zeck_val /Zeck_valp. rewrite - !big_cat /=; apply: Zeckp_prop1; rewrite cat_uniq h Zeck_uniq /=. rewrite andbT; apply/negP => /hasP [t /(allP sa)] => /= /ltnW sb tz. move:(leq_trans (allP (Zeck_val_bounded x) _ tz) le1). by rewrite leqNgt (fib_smonotone_bis sb). Qed. Lemma fib_sum_alt n: Zeck_val (iota 0 n) = (fib (n.+3)).-2. Proof. rewrite - fib_sum /Zeck_val. have <-:(\sum_(0 <= i0 < n.+2) fib i0) = (\sum_(i0 < n.+2) fib i0). by rewrite big_mkord. rewrite big_nat_recl // add0n big_nat_recl // add1n /= big_mkord. elim: n; first by rewrite big_nil big_ord0. by move => k H; rewrite iota_Sr sum_rcons addnC H big_ord_recr. Qed. Lemma fib_sum_even_alt n: Zeck_valpp (mkseq double n) = (fib (n.*2.-1)).-1. Proof. rewrite -fib_sum_even /Zeck_valpp; elim: n; first by rewrite big_nil big_ord0. by move => n H; rewrite /= mkseq_succ sum_rcons addnC H big_ord_recr. Qed. Lemma fib_sum_odd_alt n: Zeck_valp (mkseq double n) = fib (n.*2). Proof. rewrite -fib_sum_odd /Zeck_valp; elim: n; first by rewrite big_nil big_ord0. by move => n H; rewrite /= mkseq_succ sum_rcons addnC H big_ord_recr. Qed. Lemma fib_sum_even_alt2 n: Zeck_val (mkseq double n) = (fib (n.*2.+1)).-1. Proof. move: (fib_sum_even_alt n.+1); rewrite doubleS succnK => <-. rewrite /Zeck_val /Zeck_valpp; elim:n; first by rewrite big_cons !big_nil. by move => n H; rewrite /= mkseq_succ mkseq_succ !sum_rcons doubleS H. Qed. Lemma Zeckp_fib n: Zeckp (fib n.+2) = fib n.+1. Proof. by rewrite /Zeckp Zeck_fib /Zeck_valp big_cons big_nil. Qed. Lemma Zeck_fib1 n: Zeck (fib n.*2.+1).-1 = rev (mkseq double n). Proof. rewrite - fib_sum_even_alt2 - Zeckv_rev; apply: (ZeckP (sorted_ggen_sdouble n)). Qed. Lemma Zeck_fib2 n: Zeck (fib n.*2.+2).-1 = rev (succ_seq (mkseq double n)). Proof. rewrite - doubleS -fib_sum_odd_alt /Zeck_valp /mkseq /= big_cons add1n succnK. transitivity (Zeck (Zeck_val(rev (succ_seq [seq i.*2 | i <- iota 0 n])))). by rewrite iota_S /Zeck_val /succ_seq sum_rev !big_map. by apply:ZeckP; rewrite rev_sorted sorted_llen_succ sorted_llen_mkseq_e. Qed. Lemma Zeckp_fiba n: Zeckp (fib (n.*2.+1)).-1 = fib n.*2. Proof. rewrite -fib_sum_odd_alt -fib_sum_even_alt2. apply:(Zeckp_prop1);apply: (mkseq_uniq _ _ double_inj). Qed. Lemma Zeckp_fibb n: Zeckp (fib n.*2.+1).-2 = (fib n.*2).-1. Proof. rewrite -fib_sum_odd_alt - (fib_sum_even_alt2 n) /Zeck_val /Zeck_valp /mkseq. case: n; first by rewrite !big_nil Zeckp_0. move => n; rewrite !map_cons !big_cons !add1n !succnK -/iota. apply: Zeckp_prop1; apply: (mkseq_uniq _ _ double_inj). Qed. Lemma Zeckp_fibc n: Zeckp (fib n.*2).-1 = (fib n.*2.-1).-1. Proof. case: n => [| n]; rewrite ? Zeckp_0 // -fib_sum_odd_alt -fib_sum_even_alt2. set L := [seq z.*2.+1 | z <- iota 0 n]. rewrite /Zeck_valp/mkseq map_cons -/iota iota_S big_cons add1n succnK !big_map. transitivity (Zeckp (Zeck_val L)); first by rewrite /L /Zeck_val big_map. transitivity (Zeck_valp L); last by rewrite /Zeck_val /Zeck_valp !big_map. apply:Zeckp_prop1; apply: (mkseq_uniq _ _ doubleS_inj). Qed. Lemma Zeckp_fibd n: Zeckp ((fib n.*2).-2) = (fib n.*2.-1).-1. Proof. case: n => [| [|n]]; rewrite ?Zeckp_0 //. set L := [seq i.*2.+1 | i <- iota 1 n]. rewrite - fib_sum_odd_alt - fib_sum_even_alt /mkseq /=/ Zeck_valp /Zeck_valpp. rewrite! big_cons add0n addnCA add2n !succnK iota_S - map_comp. rewrite (map_comp succn (fun i => i.*2.+1)) -/L big_map big_map. have sa: sorted llen (1 :: L). rewrite - [(1::L) ] / [seq i.*2.+1 | i <- iota 0 n.+1]. by apply:sorted_llen_mkseq => u /=; rewrite doubleS !ltnS. by rewrite (Zeck_split sa) // Zeckp_1 (Zeckp_prop1 (uniq_llen sa)). Qed. Lemma Zeckp_prop3a n (e := Zeckp): e (n + e n) = n. Proof. rewrite -{1 3}(Zeck_zeck_val n) /e {2}/Zeckp; move:(Zeckp_prop2_bis (Zeck n)). move => [Ha Hb Hc]; rewrite Hc - Ha. by apply:Zeckp_prop1; rewrite (map_inj_uniq succn_inj) Zeck_uniq. Qed. Lemma Zeckp_prop3b n (e := Zeckp): Zeck_li n != 0 -> e (e n) = n - e n. Proof. rewrite /e - lt0n => /Zeck_li_prop2 => h. rewrite {2} (Zeckp_prop2 n) addKn; apply:(Zeckp_prop1_bis h (Zeck_uniq n)). Qed. Lemma Zeckp_prop4a n (e := Zeckp): e (n + e n.-1) = n. Proof. rewrite /e; case: n => [|n]; first by rewrite !Zeckp_0. move: (Zeck_prop1 (n:=n.+1) isT) => [a [l [ss _ ->]]]. have fp: 0 < fib (a.+2) by rewrite fib_gt0. rewrite Zeckv_cons /Zeck_val; set q := \sum_(j <- l) fib j.+2. rewrite -{2}(prednK fp) addSn succnK (Zeck_split ss (leq_pred (fib a.+2))). set E1 := (fib a.+2 + Zeckp (fib a.+2).-1); set E2 := q + Zeckp q. have eq2: q = Zeckp E2 by rewrite (Zeckp_prop3a q). have eq3: E1 = if (odd a) then fib a.+3 else (fib a.+3).-1. rewrite /E1 -{1 2 4 5}(odd_double_half a); case: (odd a). rewrite add1n -doubleS Zeckp_fiba -fibSS //. rewrite - doubleS Zeckp_fibc doubleS succnK. by rewrite (fibSS (a./2).*2.+1) {2} (fib_pos (a./2).*2) addnS. have eq4: fib a.+2 = Zeckp E1. rewrite eq3; case h: (odd a); first by rewrite (oddE h) Zeckp_fib. by rewrite (evenE h) - doubleS Zeckp_fiba. move:(Zeckp_prop2_bis l) => [ha hb]. have <-: Zeckp q = Zeck_valp l by apply: Zeckp_prop1;apply: (uniq_llen ss). rewrite addnACA /E2 /q; move => ->; rewrite -/(Zeck_val l) - ha; symmetry. rewrite (Zeck_split (a := a.+1)) => //. + by rewrite - eq4 // Zeckp_prop1 // (map_inj_uniq succn_inj) (uniq_llen ss). + by move: ss; rewrite - map_cons -sorted_llen_succ. + by rewrite -/E1 eq3; case: (odd a) => //; apply: leq_pred. Qed. Lemma Zeckp_prop4b n (e := Zeckp): odd (Zeck_li n) -> (e (e n).-1).+1 = n - e n. Proof. have ->: n - e n = Zeck_valpp (Zeck n) by rewrite {1} (Zeckp_prop2 n) addKn. case: n => // n; move: (Zeck_prop1 (n:=n.+1) isT) => [a [l [ss ww ee]]]. rewrite /e /Zeck_li {2} /Zeckp /Zeck_valp /Zeck_valpp ww rev_cons last_rcons. move/oddE => ->; rewrite !sum_rcons ! sum_rev - doubleS. rewrite -fib_sum_odd_alt /Zeck_valp - big_cat /= big_cons add1n succnK. set u := ([seq i.*2 | i <- iota 1 a./2] ++ l). move: (order_path_min transitive_llen ss) => sa. have pb: all (leq 1) u. rewrite all_cat; apply /andP; split. + clear; by elim: (a./2) {2} (0) => // n H k /=. + by apply/allP => [x /(allP sa)]; case x. have pa: uniq u. rewrite cat_uniq;apply /and3P; split. + by rewrite (map_inj_uniq double_inj) iota_uniq. + apply/negP => /hasP [x /(allP sa) sb] /mapP [y]. rewrite mem_iota ltnS - (leq_double y) => /andP [_ sc] se. rewrite se in sb; move: (ltnW (leq_trans sb sc)). by rewrite ltnNge double_half_le. + apply: (uniq_llen ss). move:(fib_sum_even_alt (a./2).+1). rewrite (Zeckp_prop1_bis pb pa) /Zeck_valpp doubleS /mkseq /= big_cons add0n. by rewrite big_cat /= - addSn => ->; rewrite fib_pos. Qed. (** * Maximal representation *) Definition gespec := [rel i j | (i == j.+1) || (i== j.+2) ]. Definition lespec := [rel i j | gespec j i]. Definition spec_sorted (l: seq nat) := sorted gespec l && gespec (last 0 l).+1 0. Lemma spec_sorted_nil: spec_sorted [::]. Proof. by []. Qed. Lemma spec_sorted_rev l: (spec_sorted (rev l)) = sorted lespec l && lespec 0 (head 0 l).+1. Proof. by rewrite /spec_sorted rev_sorted - (head_rev 0 (rev l)) revK. Qed. Lemma spec_sorted_rcons l i: (spec_sorted (rcons l i)) = (sorted lespec (i:: rev l)) && (i <= 1). Proof. by rewrite - {1} (revK ((rcons l i))) spec_sorted_rev rev_rcons /= !eqSS leqn1. Qed. Lemma spec_sorted_sorted l: spec_sorted l -> sorted gtn l. Proof. move /andP => [h _]; move:h. case: l => //= n s; elim: s n => //= m s IHs n /andP [ h /IHs ->]. rewrite andbT;case/orP: h => /eqP -> //. Qed. Lemma spec_sorted_rec a l: spec_sorted (a::l) = (if l== nil then a <=1 else gespec a (head 0 l)) && spec_sorted l. Proof. case: l; first by rewrite -/(rcons nil a) spec_sorted_rcons andbT //. by move => b l; rewrite /spec_sorted /= andbA. Qed. Definition max_rep n l:= spec_sorted l && (Zeck_val l == n). Lemma max_rep_fib1 n: max_rep (fib n.*2.+1).-1 (rev (mkseq double n)). Proof. rewrite /max_rep - {2}(Zeck_fib1 n) Zeck_zeck_val eqxx andbT. rewrite spec_sorted_rev; case: n => //n /=; rewrite andbT. by elim: n (0) => // n H i /=; rewrite eqxx orbT H. Qed. Lemma max_rep_fib2 n: max_rep (fib n.*2.+2).-1 (rev (succ_seq (mkseq double n))). Proof. rewrite /max_rep - {2}(Zeck_fib2 n) Zeck_zeck_val eqxx andbT. rewrite spec_sorted_rev; case: n => //n /=; rewrite andbT. by elim: n (0) => // n H i /=; rewrite eqxx orbT H. Qed. Lemma max_rep_fib3 n: max_rep (fib n.*2.+2) (rev (0::(succ_seq (mkseq double n)))). Proof. rewrite /max_rep. move:(max_rep_fib2 n) => /andP [sa sb]. rewrite Zeckv_rev Zeckv_cons - Zeckv_rev (eqP sb) add1n - fib_pos eqxx. by move: sa; rewrite spec_sorted_rev spec_sorted_rev andbT //;case n. Qed. Lemma max_rep_fib4 n: max_rep (fib n.*2.+3) (rev (1:: (map double (iota 1 n)))). Proof. rewrite /max_rep. move:(max_rep_fib1 n.+1) => /andP; rewrite /mkseq /=. set s := [seq i.*2 | i <- iota 1 n]; move => [sa /eqP]. rewrite !Zeckv_rev !Zeckv_cons doubleS add1n add2n => ->. by move: sa; rewrite !spec_sorted_rev /s- fib_pos eqxx /= !andbT; case n. Qed. Lemma fib_partial_sum k n (L := k:: mkseq (fun i => (k.+1+ i.*2)) n) : \sum_(i <- L) (fib i) = fib (k + n.*2) /\ sorted gespec (rev L). Proof. have A i j: j + (i.+1).*2 = j.+2 + i.*2. by rewrite doubleS - add2n addnA - (addn2 j). rewrite /L big_cons; clear L;split. elim:n k; first by move => k; rewrite /mkseq /= big_nil !addn0. move => n H k; rewrite /mkseq /= iota_S big_cons addn0 addnA. rewrite (addnC (fib k)) -fibSS A - H ! big_map. by congr addn; apply: eq_bigr => i _; rewrite A. rewrite rev_sorted /=. case: n => // n; elim: n k => [k| n H k]; first by rewrite /= addn0 eqxx. move:(H k.+2) => /= /andP [_]. rewrite A !addn0 !eqxx orbT /= (iota_S 1); congr (path _ k.+3). by rewrite - map_comp; apply/eq_in_map => i _; rewrite /= A. Qed. Lemma fib_partial_sum' k n (L := k:: mkseq (fun i => (k.+1+ i.*2)) n) : Zeck_val L = fib (k.+2 + n.*2) /\ sorted gespec (rev L). Proof. split; last by exact (proj2 (fib_partial_sum k n)). rewrite -(proj1 (fib_partial_sum k.+2 n)). rewrite /Zeck_val /L !big_cons ! big_map //. Qed. Lemma max_rep_prop1 (l: seq nat): sorted gtn l -> { l' | [/\ spec_sorted l', Zeck_val l = Zeck_val l' & size l <= size l' ?= iff (spec_sorted l)] }. Proof. move => h. suff: {s: seq nat | [/\ spec_sorted s, Zeck_val l = Zeck_val s, size l <= size s ?= iff (spec_sorted l) & head 0 s <= head 0 l] }. move => [s [pa pb pc _ ]]; by exists s. elim: l h; first by move => _; exists [::]. move => a l Hrec /= h; move: (Hrec (path_sorted h)). move => [s [ha hb hc hd]]. case sa: (spec_sorted (a :: l)). by exists (a::l); split => //; apply /leqifP. case lz: (l== nil). rewrite (eqP lz) Zeckv_cons Zeckv_nil. move: sa; rewrite addn0 {1}/spec_sorted /= !eqSS - leqn1 => /negbT. rewrite (eqP lz) - ltnNge => /subnK; rewrite subn2 addn2 /= =>av. set u := ((a.-2)./2). have ww: ((a.-2 == u.*2.+1) || (a.-2 == u.*2)). by rewrite -(odd_double_half a.-2) /u;case: (odd _); rewrite eqxx // orbT. case av2: (a.-2 == u.*2.+1). + rewrite - av (eqP av2) - doubleS. move: (max_rep_fib4 u.+1); set s1 := rev _; move=> /andP [he hf]. have hg: 1 <= size s1 ?= iff false by apply /leqifP; rewrite /s1 size_rev. have hi: head 0 s1 <= (u.+1).*2.+1. rewrite /s1 /= head_rev /= last_map; case u => // v. rewrite last_iota addn2 //. by rewrite - (eqP hf); exists s1. + move: ww; rewrite av2 /= => /eqP ww. rewrite - av ww - doubleS. move: (max_rep_fib3 u.+1); set s1 := rev _; move=> /andP [he hf]. have hg: 1 <= size s1 ?= iff false by apply /leqifP; rewrite /s1 size_rev. have hi: head 0 s1 <= (u.+1).*2. rewrite /s1 /= head_rev /= !last_map; case u => // v. by rewrite last_iota addn1 ltn_double. by rewrite - (eqP hf); exists s1. set b := head 0 l. set c := head 0 s. have pa: l = b:: behead l by move: lz; rewrite /b; case l. have pb: s = c:: behead s by move:hc => []; rewrite pa /c; case s. rewrite -/c -/b in hd. have lba: b < a by move: h; rewrite pa /= => /andP []. case wa: (gespec a c). have ra: spec_sorted (a :: s). by move:ha wa; rewrite pb /spec_sorted /= ; move => /andP[ -> ->] ->. have rb: ((a == b.+1) || (a == b.+2)). rewrite (eqn_leq _ b.+1) (eqn_leq _ b.+2) lba. by case/orP: wa => /eqP ->; rewrite! ltnS hd //= andbT (ltnNge c) orNb. exists(a:: s); rewrite !Zeckv_cons hb /= leqnn; split => //. move: hc; move: sa; rewrite /spec_sorted pa /= rb /= => ->. by move /leqifP => H; apply/leqifP; rewrite ltnS. have lac: c.+2 < a. move: (leq_ltn_trans hd lba); rewrite leq_eqVlt; case /orP. by rewrite eq_sym => h1; move: wa; rewrite /= h1. rewrite leq_eqVlt; case /orP => //. by rewrite eq_sym => h1; move: wa; rewrite /= h1 orbT. set n := (a -c.+1)./2; set k := a - n.*2. have [kp1 /eqP kp2]: ((k == c.+1) ||(k == c.+2)) /\ (k + n.*2 == a). move: (subnK lac); set v := a -c.+3; rewrite - {1} add2n addnA addn2 => v1. rewrite /k /n -v1 addnK -{1 3 5 8} (odd_double_half v.+2). case: (odd _); first by rewrite add1n addSnnS addKn addnC !eqxx orbT. by rewrite addKn addnC !eqxx. case: (posnP n) => np. move:kp1 lac; rewrite /k np subn0; case ww: (a==c.+2). by rewrite (eqP ww) ltnn. by rewrite orbF => /eqP -> /ltnW; rewrite ltnn. move: (fib_partial_sum' k n) => []; cbv zeta; set l1 := _ :: _. rewrite addSn addSn kp2 Zeckv_cons => <- => he. exists (rev l1 ++ s). split => //. + move: he ha; rewrite /l1; set l2 := mkseq _ _; move: (split_rev k l2) => eq1. rewrite /spec_sorted {1 2} eq1 /= cat_path => -> /=. rewrite last_cat rev_cons last_rcons pb /= => /andP[-> ->]. set x := last _ _. have: x = last k (rev (k :: l2)) by rewrite eq1 /x rev_cons. by rewrite rev_cons last_rcons ! andbT => ->. + by rewrite hb /Zeck_val big_cat sum_rev. + apply /leqifP; rewrite size_cat size_rev /l1/size_cat /= size_mkseq. by rewrite -(prednK np) addSn addSn ltnS ltnS (leq_trans hc) // leq_addl. + rewrite /l1 /= rev_cons cat_rcons -(prednK np)- (revK (k::s)) - rev_cat. rewrite head_rev last_cat last_mkseq addn0 - kp2 -{2} (prednK np) doubleS. by rewrite addnS addnS addSn ltnS. Qed. Lemma max_rep_bound a l: spec_sorted (a::l) -> (fib a.+3).-1 <= Zeck_val (a::l) < (fib a.+4).-1. Proof. move => h. apply /andP; split; last first. by rewrite -ltnS - fib_pos (Zeckv_bound0 (spec_sorted_sorted h)). elim: l a h. move => a; rewrite Zeckv_cons Zeckv_nil spec_sorted_rec /= andbT. by case: a => //; case. move => a l Hrec b. have H:= (fib_pos b). rewrite spec_sorted_rec /= => /andP[ha /Hrec hb]. rewrite Zeckv_cons fibSS H addnS /= leq_add2l (leq_trans _ hb) //. by case /orP: ha => /eqP <-; rewrite ? leqnn // fibSS {2} H addSn leq_addr. Qed. Lemma max_rep_unique (s s': seq nat) : spec_sorted s -> spec_sorted s' -> Zeck_val s = Zeck_val s' -> s = s'. Proof. have A a l: Zeck_val [::] = Zeck_val (a :: l) -> False. by rewrite Zeckv_nil => h; move: (Zeckv_pos a l); rewrite - h. have B a l: spec_sorted (a::l) -> (fib a.+3) <= (Zeck_val (a::l)).+1 < (fib a.+4). by rewrite fib_pos(fib_pos a.+3) !ltnS => /max_rep_bound. elim: s' s; first by case => // a l _ _; move/ esym /A. move => a l Hrec [_ _ /A //| a' l' sa sb sc]. move: (B _ _ sa); rewrite sc => sa'. move /eqP: (fib_partition sa' (B _ _ sb)); rewrite !eqSS => /eqP aux. move: sa sb sc; rewrite aux ! spec_sorted_rec => /andP[ _ hc] /andP[ _ hd]. by move /eqP; rewrite !Zeckv_cons eqn_add2l => /eqP h; rewrite (Hrec l'). Qed. Definition ZeckM n := sval (max_rep_prop1 (sorted_ggenW (Zeck_ggen n))). Lemma ZeckM_prop1 n: [/\ spec_sorted (ZeckM n), Zeck_val (Zeck n) = Zeck_val (ZeckM n) & size (Zeck n) <= size (ZeckM n) ?= iff spec_sorted (Zeck n)]. Proof. exact :(svalP (max_rep_prop1 (sorted_ggenW (Zeck_ggen n)))). Qed. Lemma ZeckM_prop2 n: max_rep n (ZeckM n). Proof. rewrite /max_rep; move: (ZeckM_prop1 n) => [-> <- _]. by rewrite (Zeck_zeck_val n) eqxx. Qed. Lemma ZeckM_prop3 n l: max_rep n l -> ZeckM n = l. Proof. move:(ZeckM_prop2 n) => /andP[ha /eqP hb] /andP[hc /eqP hd]. by apply:max_rep_unique => //; rewrite hb. Qed. Lemma ZeckM_is_maximal n l: sorted gtn l -> Zeck_val l = n -> size l <= size (ZeckM n) ?= iff (l == (ZeckM n)). Proof. move: (ZeckM_prop1 n) => [ha hb whc]. rewrite (Zeck_zeck_val n) in hb. move => /max_rep_prop1 [s [hc hd /leqifP M]] he. case wx: (spec_sorted l). by rewrite hb in he; rewrite (max_rep_unique wx ha he); apply/leqif_refl. apply/leqifP; move: M; rewrite he hb in hd;rewrite wx (max_rep_unique ha hc hd). by case H: (l==s) => //; rewrite (eqP H). Qed. Lemma ZeckM_prop4 n l: sorted gtn l -> Zeck_val l = n -> (size (Zeck n) <= size l <= size (ZeckM n) /\ (size (Zeck n) = size (ZeckM n) -> l = (Zeck n))). Proof. move => pa pb. move: (ZeckM_is_maximal pa pb) => [pc pd]. move: (Zeck_is_minimal pa pb) => [pe pf]. by rewrite pc pe; split => // h;apply /eqP; rewrite - pf eqn_leq pe h pc. Qed. Lemma unique_representation n: (exists k, n = (fib k.+2).-1) <-> (forall l l', sorted gtn l -> Zeck_val l = n -> sorted gtn l' -> Zeck_val l' = n -> l = l'). Proof. split. move => [k nv]. have pa: Zeck n = ZeckM n. case: (odd_dichot k) => kv. have ->: n = (fib((k./2.+1).*2.+1)).-1 by rewrite nv {1} kv /= doubleS. by rewrite (ZeckM_prop3 (max_rep_fib1 (k./2.+1))) -(Zeck_fib1 (k./2.+1)). by rewrite nv kv (ZeckM_prop3 (max_rep_fib2 k./2)) (Zeck_fib2 k./2). have pb: (size (Zeck n) = size (ZeckM n)) by rewrite pa. move => l l' la ea lb eb. by rewrite (proj2 (ZeckM_prop4 la ea) pb) (proj2 (ZeckM_prop4 lb eb) pb). move => H. move: (ZeckM_prop2 n) => /andP [/spec_sorted_sorted ha /eqP hb]. move: (sorted_ggenW (Zeck_ggen n)) => hc. move: (Zeck_zeck_val n) => hd; rewrite - hd. move: (ZeckM_prop1 n)=> []; rewrite (H _ _ ha hb hc hd) => [he _ _]. case: (posnP n) => np. by exists 0; rewrite np Zeckv_nil. rewrite lt0n in np;move: (Zeck_prop1 np) => [a [l [pa pb pc]]]. suff: a::l = (mkseq double (size l).+1) \/ a ::l = (succ_seq (mkseq double (size l).+1)). rewrite pb; case => ->. by exists ((size l).*2.+1); rewrite -Zeck_fib1 Zeck_zeck_val. by exists ((size l).*2.+2); rewrite -Zeck_fib2 Zeck_zeck_val. move: he pa; rewrite pb spec_sorted_rev /= !eqSS. move => /andP [pd pe] pf. suff: a :: l = [seq i+a | i<- mkseq double (size l).+1]. move => ->; rewrite /mkseq /succ_seq -!map_comp /comp. case: (orP pe) => av; rewrite (eqP av); [left | right]. by apply/eq_in_map => i _; rewrite addn0. by simpl; congr cons; apply/eq_in_map => i _; rewrite addn1. move: pd pf; clear; elim: l a => [a // | a l Hr b]. simpl => /andP[ ha hb] /andP[hc hd]. case: (orP ha) => ha'; first by move: hc; rewrite (eqP ha') ltnn. rewrite Hr //= (eqP ha') (iota_S 1) /succ_seq -! map_comp /comp /=. by congr cons; congr cons; apply/eq_in_map => i _;rewrite !addnS ! addSn //. Qed. Lemma iota_lespec_sorted i n: sorted lespec (iota i n). Proof. by elim: n i => //; case => // n H i /=; rewrite eqxx /=; apply: H. Qed. Lemma iota_rem_lespec_sorted i j n: sorted lespec (rem j (iota i n)). Proof. elim: n i j; first by move => n k /=; case (n == k). move => j H i k /=; case: (i==k); first by apply: iota_lespec_sorted. move: (H i.+1 k);case j => // j1 /=; case:(i.+1 == k) => //; case: j1 => // j2 /=; rewrite eqxx // orbT //. Qed. Lemma iota_rem_spec_sorted j i: spec_sorted (rev (rem i (iota 0 j))). Proof. rewrite spec_sorted_rev; apply/andP; split;last first. case:j => // j /=;case ww: (0 == i) => //; case:j => //. by apply: iota_rem_lespec_sorted. Qed. Lemma iota_rem2_spec_sorted j i: spec_sorted (rev (rem i.+2 (rem i (iota 0 j)))). Proof. rewrite spec_sorted_rev; apply/andP; split;last first. case:j => // j /=;case ww: (0 == i) => //; case:j => //. elim: j 0 i; first by move => n k /=; case (n == k). move => j H i k /=; case: (i==k); first by apply:iota_rem_lespec_sorted. simpl; case ww:(i == k.+2); first by apply:iota_rem_lespec_sorted. move: (H i.+1 k); clear; case: j => // j /=. case wwb: (i.+1 == k). have wwc: k == k.+1 = false by apply/negP => /eqP; exact: n_Sn. by case:j => // j /=; rewrite eqSS (eqP wwb) wwc /= (eqP wwb) eqxx orbT. rewrite /= eqSS; case wwc: (i == k.+1); last by rewrite /= eqxx. rewrite (eqP wwc);case: j => // j /=. by rewrite gtn_eqF /= ?eqxx ?orbT // ltnS - addn2 leq_addr. Qed. Lemma ZeckM_bound1 n (a := head 0 (ZeckM n)): 0 < n -> (fib a.+3).-1 <= n < (fib a.+4).-1. Proof. rewrite /a; move/andP:(ZeckM_prop2 n) => [ h /eqP {1 3 4} <-]. by move: h;case: (ZeckM n) => [| b l / max_rep_bound //]; rewrite Zeckv_nil. Qed. Lemma ZeckM_bound2 n a: (fib a.+3).-1 <= n < (fib a.+4).-1 -> a = head 0 (ZeckM n). Proof. case: (posnP n) => np; first by rewrite np fib_ge2_alt. rewrite -ltnS -(ltnS n.+1) -!fib_pos => la. move:(ZeckM_bound1 np); rewrite -ltnS -(ltnS n.+1) -!fib_pos => lb. by move /eqP:(fib_partition la lb); rewrite !eqSS => /eqP. Qed. Lemma ZeckM0: ZeckM 0 = [::]. Proof. by apply:ZeckM_prop3; rewrite /max_rep Zeckv_nil. Qed. Lemma ZeckM1: ZeckM 1 = [:: 0]. Proof. by apply:ZeckM_prop3; rewrite /max_rep Zeckv_cons Zeckv_nil. Qed. Lemma ZeckM2: ZeckM 2 = [:: 1]. Proof. by apply:ZeckM_prop3; rewrite /max_rep Zeckv_cons Zeckv_nil. Qed. Lemma ZeckMgt2 n: 2 2 <= size (ZeckM n). Proof. move/andP:(ZeckM_prop2 n)=> []; case: (ZeckM n). by rewrite Zeckv_nil => _ /eqP <-. move => a l; rewrite spec_sorted_rec /= ltnS; case:l => //=. by rewrite Zeckv_cons Zeckv_nil leqn1 => /andP []; case/orP=> /eqP -> _ /eqP <-. Qed. Lemma ZeckM_rec1 n a: (fib a.+3).-1 <= n < (fib a.+4).-1 -> ZeckM (n + (fib a.+3)) = a.+1::ZeckM n. Proof. move /ZeckM_bound2 => sa. move/andP: (ZeckM_prop2 n) => [ss /eqP nv]. apply:ZeckM_prop3; rewrite/max_rep Zeckv_cons nv addnC eqxx. by rewrite spec_sorted_rec ss sa; case:(ZeckM n) => // nb l /=; rewrite eqxx. Qed. Lemma ZeckM_rec2 n a: (fib a.+3).-1 <= n < (fib a.+4).-1 -> ZeckM (n + (fib a.+4)) = a.+2::ZeckM n. Proof. case: (posnP n) => np; first by rewrite np fib_ge2_alt. move/ZeckM_bound2 => sa. move/andP: (ZeckM_prop2 n) => [ss /eqP nv]. apply:ZeckM_prop3; rewrite/max_rep Zeckv_cons nv addnC eqxx spec_sorted_rec. move: np; rewrite - {1}nv sa ss; case:(ZeckM n); first by rewrite Zeckv_nil. by move => // b l _ /=;rewrite eqxx orbT. Qed. Lemma ZeckM_fibm2 n: ZeckM (fib (n.+3)).-2 = rev (iota 0 n). Proof. apply:ZeckM_prop3; apply/andP; split. rewrite spec_sorted_rev; case: n => // n /=; rewrite andbT. by elim:n (0) => // k H n /=; rewrite H eqxx. rewrite /Zeck_val - fib_sum !big_ord_recl /=. elim:n => [|n Hr];first by rewrite big_nil big_ord0. by rewrite big_ord_recr - (eqP Hr) iota_Sr rev_rcons big_cons addnC. Qed. Lemma size_sorted a l: sorted gtn (a::l) -> size l <= a ?= iff (l == rev (iota 0 a)). Proof. elim: l a => [a _|b l Hrec a]. by apply /leqifP; case:a => // a; rewrite iota_Sr rev_rcons //. move => /= /andP [lba /Hrec ha]. split. rewrite (leq_ltn_trans _ lba) //;apply: ha. move: lba; case: a => // a. rewrite ltnS => lab. rewrite iota_Sr rev_rcons add0n eqseq_cons eqSS. have sl: size l <= b by apply: ha. move/leqifP: ha; move: lab; rewrite leq_eqVlt; case /orP => hx. by rewrite -(eqP hx) eqxx; case: eqP => // _ /ltn_eqF ->. rewrite (ltn_eqF hx) /= => _; exact: (ltn_eqF (leq_ltn_trans sl hx)). Qed. Lemma ZeckM_bound3 n a: (fib a.+3).-1 <= n < (fib a.+4).-1 -> size (ZeckM n) <= a.+1 ?= iff (n== (fib (a.+4)).-2). Proof. move => h. move:(ZeckM_bound2 h); move: (ZeckM_prop2 n) h => /andP[];case: (ZeckM n). by rewrite Zeckv_nil => _ /eqP <-; rewrite fib_ge2_alt /=. move => b l ss zv _ /= ->; apply/leqifP. move:(ZeckM_prop2 (fib b.+4).-2) => /andP[wa /eqP zz]. case: eqP => nv. have ea: Zeck_val (b :: l) = Zeck_val (ZeckM (fib b.+4).-2). by rewrite zz -nv (eqP zv). rewrite -/(size (b::l)) (max_rep_unique ss wa ea) ZeckM_fibm2. by rewrite size_rev size_iota. move /leqifP: (size_sorted (spec_sorted_sorted ss)); rewrite ltnS. case: eqP => // lv; move: zv; rewrite lv -rev_rcons -iota_Sr - ZeckM_fibm2 zz. by move => h;case: nv; rewrite (eqP h). Qed. Definition card_max_rep n m:= \sum_((fib n).-1 <= i < (fib n.+1).-1) (size (ZeckM i)== m). Lemma card_max_repE n m: card_max_rep n m = \sum_((fib n).-1 <= i < (fib n.+1).-1 | (size (ZeckM i)== m)) 1. Proof. by rewrite big_mkcond /= /card_max_rep; apply: eq_big. Qed. Lemma card_max_rep0m m: card_max_rep 0 m = 0. Proof. by rewrite/card_max_rep /= big_geq. Qed. Lemma card_max_rep1m m: card_max_rep 1 m = 0. Proof. by rewrite/card_max_rep /= big_geq. Qed. Lemma card_max_rep2m m: card_max_rep 2 m = (m==0). Proof. by rewrite/card_max_rep big_ltn // big_geq // fibE /= ZeckM0 addn0 eq_sym. Qed. Lemma card_max_rep41: card_max_rep 4 1 = 1. Proof. by rewrite /card_max_rep big_ltn// big_ltn// big_geq//= ZeckM2 (ZeckM_fibm2 2). Qed. Lemma card_max_rep_smalln n m: n < m.+2 -> card_max_rep n m = 0. Proof. case:n => [|[| [|n]]]; rewrite ? card_max_rep0m ? card_max_rep1m // ! ltnS. by move/gtn_eqF; rewrite card_max_rep2m => ->. move => lnm; rewrite card_max_repE big_hasC => //; apply /hasPn => x. rewrite mem_index_iota => ltn; apply/eqP => eq1. by move:(leq_ltn_trans (ZeckM_bound3 ltn) lnm); rewrite eq1 ltnn. Qed. Lemma card_max_repn0 n: card_max_rep n.+3 0 = 0. Proof. rewrite card_max_repE big_hasC => //; apply /hasPn => i. rewrite mem_index_iota size_eq0 => fb; apply /eqP => ln. move: (ZeckM_prop2 i); rewrite /max_rep ln Zeckv_nil => /andP[_ /eqP iz]. by move: fb; rewrite - iz leqn0 (fib_ge2_alt). Qed. Lemma card_max_repn2n n: card_max_rep n.+2 n = 1. Proof. move: (fib_ge2_alt n); set p := (fib n.+3).-2 => pv. have la: (fib n.+2).-1 <= p by rewrite - 2!ltnS -pv -fib_pos fib_smonotone_bis. have lb: p <= (fib n.+3).-1 by rewrite pv /=. rewrite card_max_repE (big_cat_nat _ _ _ la lb) pv /= big_hasC. by rewrite big_ltn_cond // /p ZeckM_fibm2 size_rev size_iota eqxx big_geq. apply/hasPn => i; rewrite mem_index_iota /p. case:(posnP n)=> [ | /prednK nv]; first by move ->; rewrite ltn0 andbF. rewrite ltn_neqAle (andbC (i != _)) andbA -(ltnS i) -/p -[p.+1]/(p.+2.-1) -pv. rewrite -nv => /andP [] /ZeckM_bound3 /leqifP; rewrite nv; case:eqP => //. by move => _ /ltn_eqF ->. Qed. Lemma card_max_rep_rec n m: m.+2 <= n -> card_max_rep n.+2 m.+1 = card_max_rep n.+1 m + card_max_rep n m. Proof. case: m. case:n => [|[ | [| n _]]] //; rewrite !card_max_repn0. by rewrite card_max_rep41 card_max_rep2m. rewrite card_max_repE big_hasC => //; apply /hasPn => i. rewrite mem_index_iota => /andP [la _]. have l2n3: 2 < n.+3 by rewrite !ltnS. move: (fib_smonotone_bis l2n3); rewrite (fib_pos n.+4) ltnS => lb. by rewrite (gtn_eqF (ZeckMgt2 (leq_trans lb la))). move => m lmn. set k := (fib n.+1) + (fib n.+1).-1. have kl1: (fib n.+2).-1 <= k. by rewrite - ltnS /k -addnS -!fib_pos fibSS leq_add2l fib_monotone. have kl2: k <= (fib n.+3).-1. by rewrite - ltnS /k -addnS -!fib_pos fibSS leq_add2r fib_monotone. have np:=(ltn_predK lmn). have n3: n = (n-3).+3 by rewrite - addn3 subnK // (leq_trans _ lmn). rewrite addnC !card_max_repE (big_cat_nat _ _ _ kl1 kl2) /=; congr addn. rewrite fibSS /k -[in fib n] np (fib_pos n.-1) addnS /= np big_nat_shift. apply:big_nat_cond_eq => i eq1. by rewrite n3 in eq1; move:(ZeckM_rec2 eq1); rewrite -n3 addnC => ->. rewrite fibSS /k (addnC (fib n.+2)) (fib_pos n.+1) addnS /= big_nat_shift. apply:big_nat_cond_eq => i eq1. by rewrite n3 in eq1; move:(ZeckM_rec1 eq1); rewrite -n3 addnC => ->. Qed. Lemma card_max_rep_val n m: m.+2 <= n -> card_max_rep n m = 'C(m,n- m.+2). Proof. move/subnK => {1} <-; set k := _ - _; move: k; elim: {n} m. case; first by rewrite card_max_rep2m. by move => k; rewrite bin0n /= addn2 card_max_repn0. move => n Hr; case; first by rewrite card_max_repn2n bin0. move => k; rewrite 2!addnS card_max_rep_rec ?ltn_paddl //. by rewrite addSnnS Hr - addSn Hr - binS. Qed. Definition card_min_rep n m:= \sum_((fib n) <= i < (fib n.+1)) (size (Zeck i)== m). Lemma card_min_repE n m: card_min_rep n m = \sum_((fib n) <= i < (fib n.+1)| (size (Zeck i)== m)) 1. Proof. by rewrite big_mkcond /= /card_min_rep; apply: eq_big. Qed. Lemma card_min_rep0m m: card_min_rep 0 m = (m==0). Proof. by rewrite /card_min_rep big_nat1 Zeck_0 eq_sym. Qed. Lemma card_min_rep1m m: card_min_rep 1 m = 0. Proof. by rewrite /card_min_rep big_geq. Qed. Lemma card_min_rep2m m: card_min_rep 2 m = (m==1). Proof. by rewrite /card_min_rep big_nat1 Zeck_1 eq_sym. Qed. Lemma card_min_repn0 n: card_min_rep n 0 = (n==0). Proof. case nz: (n==0); first by rewrite (eqP nz) card_min_rep0m. rewrite card_min_repE big_hasC => //; apply /hasPn => i. rewrite mem_index_iota=> /andP[ha _]; rewrite size_eq0; move:(Zeck_zeck_val i). move: ha; case:i; first by rewrite leqn0 fib_eq0 nz. by move=> i; case: (Zeck i.+1) => //; rewrite Zeckv_nil. Qed. Lemma card_min_repn1 n: card_min_rep n 1 = (2 <=n). Proof. case: n=> [|[|n]]; rewrite ? card_min_rep0m ?card_min_rep1m //=. rewrite card_min_repE big_ltn_cond ?fib_smonotone_bis // Zeck_fib /=. rewrite big_hasC => //; apply /hasPn => i. rewrite mem_index_iota=> /andP[ha hb]; move:(Zeck_zeck_val i). case:(Zeck i) => // a [|b l //]; rewrite Zeckv_cons Zeckv_nil addn0 => h. move:hb; rewrite - h => /fib_monotone_bis; rewrite ltnS => /fib_monotone. by rewrite h leqNgt ha. Qed. Lemma card_min_rep_rec n m: card_min_rep n.+2 m.+1 = card_min_rep n.+1 m.+1 + card_min_rep n m. Proof. case: (posnP n) => np. by rewrite np card_min_rep1m card_min_rep0m card_min_rep2m eqSS. set k := fib n.+2 + fib n. have kl1: (fib n.+2) <= k by rewrite leq_addr. have kl2: k <= (fib n.+3) by rewrite fibSS /k leq_add2l fib_monotone. rewrite {1} card_min_repE (big_cat_nat _ _ _ kl1 kl2) /=; congr addn. rewrite /k {1} fibSS !(addnC _ (fib n)) big_nat_shift card_min_repE. apply:big_nat_cond_eq => i eq1. move/andP:(eq1) => [ha]; rewrite fibSS => hb. have ww:(fib n + i - fib n.+2) = (i - fib n.+1). by rewrite -{1} (subnKC ha) addnA (addnC (fib _)) - fibSS addKn. have eq2: fib n.+2 <= fib n + i < fib n.+3. rewrite !fibSS addnC leq_add2l -addnA ltn_add2l ha /=. by apply: (leq_trans hb); rewrite leq_add2l fib_monotone. rewrite - (prednK np) in eq1. by rewrite (Zeck_S eq1) (prednK np) (Zeck_S eq2) ww. rewrite fibSS /k big_nat_shift card_min_repE. apply:big_nat_cond_eq => i /andP [ha hb]. have eq2: fib n.+2 <= fib n.+2 + i < fib n.+3. by rewrite leq_addr /= (fibSS n.+1) ltn_add2l. by rewrite (Zeck_S eq2) addKn /= eqSS. Qed. Lemma card_min_rep_small n m: 0 < n <= m -> card_min_rep n m = 0. Proof. case: n => [| [| n /= lnm]] //; first by rewrite card_min_rep1m. rewrite card_min_repE big_hasC => //; apply /hasPn => i. rewrite mem_index_iota => eqa. move: (sorted_ggenW (Zeck_ggen i)); rewrite (Zeck_S eqa) => /size_sorted /=. set s := size _ => ls. have lsn: s.+2 <= n.+2 by rewrite !ltnS; apply:ls. by rewrite (ltn_eqF (leq_trans lsn lnm)). Qed. Lemma card_min_rep_val n m : card_min_rep (n+m.+2) m.+1 = 'C(n,m). Proof. elim:n m. case; first by rewrite card_min_repn1. by move => m; rewrite bin0n card_min_rep_rec !card_min_rep_small /=. move => n H; case; first by rewrite bin0; rewrite card_min_repn1 addn2 //. by move => m; rewrite 2!addnS card_min_rep_rec addSnnS -addnS H H binS. Qed. Lemma card_min_rep_valbis n m: 0< m< n -> card_min_rep n m = 'C(n-m-1,m.-1). Proof. move => /andP[sa sb]; rewrite -subnDA -{1}(subnK sb) addn1 -{2 3} (prednK sa). by rewrite card_min_rep_val. Qed. Section DualUniqueRepresentation. Parameter v: nat -> nat. Definition Zval_v l:= \sum_(i <- l) (v i). Hypothesis v_exists: forall n, exists2 l, spec_sorted l & Zval_v l = n. Hypothesis v_unique: forall l l', spec_sorted l -> spec_sorted l' -> Zval_v l = Zval_v l' -> l = l'. Lemma DUR_injv: injective v. Proof. move => i j sv. set l:= iota 0 (i+j).+1. have Ha: forall k, k\in l -> Zval_v l = Zval_v (k :: rem k l). by move => k H; apply: eq_big_perm; apply:perm_to_rem. have il: i \in l by rewrite mem_iota /= ltnS leq_addr. have : Zval_v (i :: rem i l) = Zval_v (j :: rem j l). by rewrite - Ha // - Ha // mem_iota /= ltnS leq_addl. move/eqP; rewrite /Zval_v !big_cons sv eqn_add2l - sum_rev. rewrite - [ X in _ == X] sum_rev => /eqP eq1. have Hb:= (iota_rem_spec_sorted (i+j).+1). move: (v_unique (Hb i) (Hb j) eq1) => /rev_inj eq2. case ok:(i== j); first by rewrite (eqP ok). have ul: uniq l by apply: iota_uniq. have: i \in rem j l by rewrite mem_rem_uniq // inE ok. by rewrite - eq2 mem_rem_uniq // inE // eqxx. Qed. Lemma DUR_positive i: 0 < v i. Proof. case: (posnP (v i)) => // h. have ha j: spec_sorted (rev(iota 0 j)). rewrite spec_sorted_rev; apply/andP; split; last by case:j. by elim: j 0 => // j H k /=; move:(H k.+1); case j => // m /=; rewrite eqxx. move:(v_unique (ha i)(ha i.+1)). rewrite /Zval_v !sum_rev iota_Sr sum_rcons h add0n => H. have: i \in (iota 0 i) by rewrite (rev_inj (H (erefl _))) mem_rcons inE eqxx. by rewrite mem_iota // ltnn andbF. Qed. Lemma DUR_exclusion1 i: v i + v i.+2 != v i.+1. Proof. case eqP => // eq1. set l := iota 0 i. set l1 := rev(rcons (rcons l i) i.+2). set l2 := rev (rcons l i.+1). have ea:Zval_v l1 = Zval_v l2. by rewrite /Zval_v /l1 /l2 !sum_rev !sum_rcons addnA (addnC _ (v i)) eq1. have eb: l1 = rev (rem i.+1 (iota 0 i.+3)). congr rev; rewrite iota_Sr iota_Sr add0n rem_rcons1 //. by rewrite - iota_Sr rem_rcons2 // mem_iota ltnn andbF. have ec: l2 = rev (rem i (iota 0 i.+2)). congr rev; rewrite /l iota_Sr iota_Sr ! add0n; rewrite rem_rcons1 //. by rewrite rem_rcons2 // mem_iota ltnn andbF. have sa: spec_sorted l1 by rewrite eb; apply: iota_rem_spec_sorted. have sb: spec_sorted l2 by rewrite ec; apply: iota_rem_spec_sorted. move:(v_unique sa sb ea); rewrite eb ec => /rev_inj => ed. move: (f_equal size ed); rewrite !size_rem ?size_iota ? mem_iota ?ltnS //=. by move/esym /n_Sn. Qed. Lemma DUR_exclusion2 i: v i + v i.+2 != v i.+1 + v i.+3. Proof. case eqP => // eq1. set l := iota 0 i. set l1 := rev(rcons (rcons l i) i.+2). set l2 := rev (rcons (rcons l i.+1) i.+3). have ea:Zval_v l1 = Zval_v l2. rewrite /Zval_v /l1 /l2 !sum_rev !sum_rcons !addnA (addnC _ (v i)) eq1. by rewrite (addnC _ (v i.+1)). have eb: l1 = rev (rem i.+1 (iota 0 i.+3)). congr rev; rewrite iota_Sr iota_Sr add0n rem_rcons1 //. by rewrite - iota_Sr rem_rcons2 // mem_iota ltnn andbF. have ec: l2 = rev (rem i.+2 (rem i (iota 0 i.+4))). have ha: i < i.+3 by rewrite !ltnS; apply: (@leq_trans i.+1). have hb: i \notin iota 0 i by rewrite mem_iota ltnn andbF. congr rev; rewrite ! iota_Sr !add0n rem_rcons1 // rem_rcons1 //. rewrite rem_rcons1 // rem_rcons2 // rem_rcons1 // rem_rcons2 //. by rewrite mem_rcons inE mem_iota /= negb_or gtn_eqF //= - leqNgt. have sa: spec_sorted l1 by rewrite eb; apply: iota_rem_spec_sorted. have sb: spec_sorted l2 by rewrite ec; apply: iota_rem2_spec_sorted. move:(v_unique sa sb ea); rewrite eb ec => /rev_inj => ed. have: i.+2 \in rem i.+1 (iota 0 i.+3). rewrite 2!iota_Sr !add0n rem_rcons1 // rem_rcons2 // ?mem_iota ?ltnn //. by rewrite mem_rcons inE eqxx. rewrite ed mem_rem_uniq ?inE ?eqxx //; apply/ rem_uniq/iota_uniq. Qed. Lemma DUR_01 : v 0 = 1 /\ v 1 = 2. Proof. have Ha a b l: spec_sorted [:: a, b & l] -> 2 < Zval_v (a::b::l). move => /spec_sorted_sorted nab; rewrite /Zval_v !big_cons addnA. apply:(@leq_trans ( v a + v b)); last by apply leq_addr. move:(DUR_positive a) (DUR_positive b) => ha hb. move: ha; rewrite leq_eqVlt => /orP; case => ha; last exact:(leq_add ha hb). move: hb;rewrite leq_eqVlt => /orP; case=> hb;last by rewrite -(eqP ha) ltnS. have eab: a = b by apply:DUR_injv; rewrite - (eqP ha) -(eqP hb). by move/andP: nab=> []; rewrite eab /gtn /= ltnn. move: (v_exists 2) => [[| b l]]; first by rewrite /Zval_v big_nil //. case:l; last by move => a l /Ha ha hb; move: ha; rewrite hb. rewrite spec_sorted_rec /Zval_v big_cons big_nil addn0/= => /andP [pa _] pb. move: (v_exists 1) => [[| a l]]; first by rewrite /Zval_v big_nil //. case:l; last by move => c l /Ha ha hb; move: ha; rewrite hb. rewrite spec_sorted_rec /Zval_v big_cons big_nil addn0/= => /andP [pc _] pd. move: pc; rewrite leqn1; case/orP => /eqP pc. rewrite - pb - {1} pd; move: pa; rewrite leqn1; case/orP => /eqP pa. have //: 1 = 2 by rewrite - pb - pd pa pc. by rewrite pa pc. move: pa; rewrite leqn1; case/orP => /eqP pa; last first. have //: 1 = 2 by rewrite - pb - pd pa pc. move: pb pd; rewrite pa pc => v0 v1; clear a b pa pc. have Hb: forall i, 2 <= i -> 3 <= v i. move => i i2;rewrite !ltn_neqAle; case: eqP. by rewrite - v0; move/DUR_injv => h; move: (ltnW i2); rewrite h ltnn. case: eqP; first by rewrite -v1;move/DUR_injv => h; move: i2; rewrite h ltnn. by rewrite eq_sym (lt0n_neq0 (DUR_positive i)). have Hc a b c l: spec_sorted [:: a, b,c & l] -> 6 <= Zval_v (a::b::c::l). move => /spec_sorted_sorted nab; rewrite /Zval_v !big_cons !addnA. apply:(@leq_trans (v a + v b + v c)); last by apply leq_addr. move: nab => /= /andP [lta /andP [ltb _]]. move: (leq_ltn_trans (leq0n c) ltb); rewrite - ltnS => ltc. move:(Hb _ (leq_trans ltc lta)) => ltd; case:(leqP b 1). rewrite leqn1; case/orP => /eqP bv; move:ltb; rewrite bv //. by rewrite ltnS leqn0 => /eqP ->; rewrite v0 v1 addn1 addn2 !ltnS. move/Hb => lte; move:(leq_add ltd lte) => ltf;apply(leq_trans ltf). by rewrite leq_addr. have Hd: Zval_v [::] = 0 by rewrite / Zval_v big_nil. have He a:spec_sorted [:: a] -> Zval_v [:: a] <= 2. rewrite spec_sorted_rec /= /Zval_v big_cons big_nil addn0. by rewrite leqn1; case/andP; case/orP => /eqP ->; rewrite ?v0 ?v1. move: (v_exists 4) => [l]. case:l; [by rewrite Hd | move => a4]; case; last move => b4. by move/He => h1 h2; move: h1; rewrite h2. case; last by move => c4 l /Hc => h1 h2; move: h1; rewrite h2. move: (v_exists 5) => [l]. case:l; [by rewrite Hd | move => a5]; case; last move => b5. by move/He => h1 h2; move: h1; rewrite h2. case; last by move => c4 l /Hc => h1 h2; move: h1; rewrite h2. rewrite !spec_sorted_rec /spec_sorted /= ! andbT. rewrite /Zval_v !big_cons !big_nil !addn0 => /andP [pa pb] pc /andP [pe pf] pg. move:pb; rewrite leqn1;case/orP => /eqP eq1; move: pc; rewrite eq1; last first. rewrite v1 addn1 => /eqP; rewrite eqSS => /eqP va5. move: pf; rewrite leqn1;case/orP => /eqP eq2; move: pg; rewrite eq2. rewrite v0; move => /eqP; rewrite addn2 eqSS eqSS - v0=> /eqP /DUR_injv. by move => ba; move: pe;rewrite eq2 ba //. rewrite v1 addn1 => /eqP; rewrite eqSS => /eqP va4; rewrite eq2 in pe. rewrite eq1 in pa; case/orP: pa => /eqP ea; case/orP: pe => /eqP eb. + by move: va5 va4; rewrite ea eb => ->. + by move:(DUR_exclusion1 1); rewrite v1 - eb va4 - {2} ea va5 //. + by move:(DUR_exclusion2 0); rewrite - {1} ea - {1} eb v0 v1 va4 va5. + by move: va5 va4; rewrite ea eb => ->. rewrite v0 addn2 => /eqP; rewrite !eqSS => /eqP va5. move: pa va5; rewrite eq1; case /orP => /eqP ->;first by rewrite v1 //. move => v2; clear a4 b4 a5 b5 pe pf pg eq1. have Hf: v 3 != 4. by apply/negP => /eqP v3; move:(DUR_exclusion2 0); rewrite v0 v1 v2 v3. have Hg i: 3 <= i -> 4 <= v i. move=> ha;rewrite !ltn_neqAle; case: eqP. by rewrite - v2; move/DUR_injv => h; move: ha; rewrite h ltnn. case: eqP; first by rewrite - v0; move/DUR_injv => h; move: ha; rewrite -h. case: eqP; first by rewrite -v1;move/DUR_injv => h; move: ha; rewrite -h. by rewrite eq_sym (lt0n_neq0 (DUR_positive i)). have Hi a b c d l: spec_sorted [:: a, b, c, d & l] -> 10 <= Zval_v [:: a, b, c, d & l]. move => H; move:(H). move => /spec_sorted_sorted /= /andP [lta /andP [ltb /andP [ltc _]]]. have w: 3 <= d.+3 by []. rewrite - 2!ltnS in ltc; rewrite - ltnS in ltb. move: (leq_trans w (leq_trans (leq_trans ltc ltb) lta)) => /Hg la. move: H; rewrite spec_sorted_rec => /= /andP [_ /Hc] lb. rewrite /Zval_v (big_cons); exact:(leq_add la lb). move:(v_exists 7) => [l]. case:l; [by rewrite Hd | move => a7]; case. by move/He => h1 h2; move: h1; rewrite h2. move => b7; case; last first. have Hj i: 3 < i -> v i + v 3 == 6 -> False. move => ha hb. by move: (leq_add (Hg _ (ltnW ha)) (Hg 3 (leqnn 3))); rewrite (eqP hb). move => c7; case; last by move => a l /Hi => h1 h2; move: h1; rewrite h2. rewrite !spec_sorted_rec /spec_sorted /= ! andbT. rewrite /Zval_v !big_cons big_nil addn0 leqn1. case/and3P; case/orP => /eqP ea; case/orP => /eqP eb; case/orP => /eqP ec; rewrite ea eb ec ?v0 ?v1 ?v2 => /eqP. + done. + by rewrite -[7]/(3 + (3 +1)) (eqn_add2r) -{2} v2 => /eqP/DUR_injv. + by rewrite -[7]/(2 + (3 +2)) (eqn_add2r) -{2} v0 => /eqP/DUR_injv. + by rewrite addnA addn1 eqSS => /(Hj _ (leqnn 4)). + by rewrite -[7]/(4 + (1 +2)) (eqn_add2r) => ha; move: Hf; rewrite ha. + by rewrite -[7]/(3 + (3 +1)) (eqn_add2r) -{2} v2 => /eqP/DUR_injv. + by rewrite -[7]/(2 + (3 +2)) (eqn_add2r) -{2} v0 => /eqP/DUR_injv. + by rewrite addnA addn1 eqSS => /(Hj _ (ltnW (leqnn 5))). rewrite !spec_sorted_rec /spec_sorted /= ! andbT. rewrite /Zval_v !big_cons big_nil addn0 leqn1. case/andP; case/orP => /eqP sa; case/orP => /eqP sb; rewrite sa sb ? v0 ? v1 ? v2 // => /eqP; rewrite addn1 eqSS => /eqP v3. clear a7 b7 sa sb. move:(v_exists 8) => [l]. case:l; [by rewrite Hd | move => a8]; case. by move/He => h1 h2; move: h1; rewrite h2. move => b8; case. rewrite !spec_sorted_rec /spec_sorted /= ! andbT. rewrite /Zval_v !big_cons big_nil addn0 leqn1. case/andP; case/orP => /eqP sa; case/orP => /eqP sb; rewrite sa sb ? v0 ? v1 ? v2 // => /eqP; rewrite addn1 eqSS v3 //. move => c8; case; last by move => a l /Hi => h1 h2; move: h1; rewrite h2. rewrite !spec_sorted_rec /spec_sorted /= ! andbT. rewrite /Zval_v !big_cons big_nil addn0 leqn1. case/and3P; case/orP => /eqP ea; case/orP => /eqP eb; case/orP => /eqP ec; rewrite ea eb ec ?v0 ?v1 ?v2 ?v3 => /eqP //. + by rewrite -[8]/(1 + (6 +1)) (eqn_add2r) -{2} v1 => /eqP/DUR_injv. + rewrite -[8]/(4 + (3 +1)) (eqn_add2r) => /eqP v4. by move:(DUR_exclusion2 1); rewrite v1 v2 v3 v4. + by rewrite -[8]/(3 + (3 +2)) (eqn_add2r) -{2} v2 => /eqP/DUR_injv. + by rewrite -[8]/(1 + (6 +1)) (eqn_add2r) -{2} v1 => /eqP/DUR_injv. Qed. Lemma DUR_fib i : v i = fib i.+2. Proof. move:i. have Ha l i a: i \in a :: l -> path gtn a l -> i <= a. rewrite inE; case/orP; first by move /eqP => ->. elim:l i a => // a l H i b /= h /andP [ha hb]; move:h; rewrite inE. case/orP; [ by move/eqP ->; apply: ltnW |move => il;apply:H => //]. move: ha hb; case l => // a' l' /= ha /andP [hb ->]. by rewrite (ltn_trans hb ha). have Hb k: (forall i, i < k.*2 -> v i = fib i.+2) -> (v k.*2.+1 < fib k.*2.+1 \/ (v k.*2 = fib k.*2.+2 /\ v k.*2.+1 < fib k.*2.+3)) -> False. move => Hrec lta;case /andP: (max_rep_fib2 k.+1). case/andP: (max_rep_fib2 k); set l' := rev _; set l := rev _. move => _ /eqP zvl' ssl /eqP zvl. have lt1:v k.*2.+1 < fib k.*2.+3. case: lta; last by case. move =>h;apply: (leq_trans h); by apply: fib_monotone;apply: ltnW => //. have lv: l = k.*2.+1 :: l'. rewrite /l /l' /mkseq iota_Sr /succ_seq - !map_comp /comp - !map_rev. by rewrite rev_rcons. set s := \sum_(i <- l) v i; set s' := Zeck_val l. have eqr: \sum_(i <- l') v i = Zeck_val l'. rewrite /Zeck_val /l' ! sum_rev /mkseq /succ_seq !big_map. apply: eq_big_seq => i; rewrite mem_iota /= add0n => ik. by apply: Hrec; rewrite ltn_Sdouble. move: (ZeckM_prop2 s); set z := ZeckM s; move /andP => [ssz /eqP]. move: ssz; case:z. rewrite Zeckv_nil /s lv big_cons => _ /eqP; rewrite eq_sym addn_eq0. by move/andP => [/eqP h _]; move:(DUR_positive k.*2.+1); rewrite h. move => hz tz ssz zv. move:(max_rep_bound ssz); rewrite zv; move => /andP [le2 _ ]. have: s < s' by rewrite /s/s' lv Zeckv_cons big_cons eqr ltn_add2r. move/(leq_ltn_trans le2); rewrite /s' zvl - ltnS - fib_pos // - fib_pos //. move/fib_monotone_bis; rewrite doubleS !ltnS => hm. suff Hz: forall i, i <= hz -> v i = fib i.+2. have eq2: Zval_v (hz :: tz) = Zval_v l. rewrite -[RHS] zv /Zeck_val /Zval_v;apply: eq_big_seq => i il. exact (Hz _ (Ha _ _ _ il (spec_sorted_sorted ssz))). move:(v_unique ssz ssl eq2);rewrite lv; case => eq3. by move: hm; rewrite eq3 ltnn. case: lta; last first. move => [pa pb] i li; move: (leq_trans li hm); rewrite leq_eqVlt. by case/orP; [ move/eqP => -> // | apply/ Hrec ]. move => la. have: s < (fib k.*2.+3).-1. rewrite /s lv big_cons eqr zvl' (fibSS k.*2.+1) {2} (fib_pos k.*2.+1). by rewrite addSn addnC ltn_add2l. move/(leq_ltn_trans le2); rewrite - ltnS - fib_pos //- fib_pos //. move/fib_monotone_bis;rewrite !ltnS => hm1 i ih; apply: Hrec. apply: (leq_ltn_trans ih hm1). have Hc k: (forall i, i < k.*2.+1 -> v i = fib i.+2) -> (v k.*2.+2 < fib k.*2.+2 \/ (v k.*2.+1 = fib k.*2.+3 /\ v k.*2.+2 < fib k.*2.+4)) -> False. move => Hrec lta; case /andP: (max_rep_fib1 k.+2). case /andP: (max_rep_fib1 k.+1); set l' := rev _; set l := rev _. move => _ /eqP zl' ssl /eqP zvl. have lv: l = k.+1.*2 :: l' by rewrite /l/l'/mkseq iota_Sr -!map_rev rev_rcons. set s := \sum_(i <- l) v i; set s' := Zeck_val l. have lt1:v k.*2.+2 < fib k.*2.+4. case: lta; last by case. move =>h;apply: (leq_trans h); by apply: fib_monotone;apply: ltnW => //. have eqr: \sum_(i <- l') v i = Zeck_val l'. rewrite /Zeck_val /l' ! sum_rev /mkseq /succ_seq !big_map. apply: eq_big_seq => i; rewrite mem_iota /= add0n => ik. by apply: Hrec; rewrite ltnS leq_double - ltnS. move: (ZeckM_prop2 s); set z := ZeckM s; move /andP => [ssz /eqP]. move: ssz; case:z. rewrite Zeckv_nil /s lv big_cons => _ /eqP; rewrite eq_sym addn_eq0. by move/andP => [/eqP h _]; move:(DUR_positive (k.+1).*2); rewrite h. move => hz tz ssz zv. move:(max_rep_bound ssz); rewrite zv; move => /andP [le2 _ ]. have: s < s' by rewrite /s/s' lv Zeckv_cons big_cons eqr ltn_add2r. move/(leq_ltn_trans le2); rewrite /s' zvl - ltnS - fib_pos // - fib_pos //. move/fib_monotone_bis; rewrite doubleS 3!ltnS => hm. suff Hz: forall i, i <= hz -> v i = fib i.+2. have eq2: Zval_v (hz :: tz) = Zval_v l. rewrite -[RHS] zv /Zeck_val /Zval_v;apply: eq_big_seq => i il. exact (Hz _ (Ha _ _ _ il (spec_sorted_sorted ssz))). move:(v_unique ssz ssl eq2);rewrite lv; case => eq3. by move: hm; rewrite eq3 ltnn. case: lta; last first. move => [pa pb] i li; move: (leq_trans li hm); rewrite leq_eqVlt. by case/orP; [ move/eqP => -> // | apply/ Hrec ]. move => la. have: s < (fib k.*2.+4).-1. rewrite /s lv big_cons eqr zl' (fibSS k.*2.+2) {2} (fib_pos k.*2.+2). by rewrite addSn addnC ltn_add2l. move/(leq_ltn_trans le2); rewrite - ltnS - fib_pos //- fib_pos //. move/fib_monotone_bis;rewrite !ltnS => hm1 i ih; apply: Hrec. by rewrite ltnS (leq_trans ih hm1). have Hj a l: spec_sorted l -> a \in l -> exists w L, spec_sorted (a :: L) /\ l = w ++ (a :: L). elim: l a => [ a // | b l H a ha]. rewrite inE; case/orP; first by by move => /eqP ->; exists nil, l. move: ha; rewrite spec_sorted_rec => /andP[_] ha hb; move:(H _ ha hb). by move => [w [L [hc ->]]]; exists (b::w), L. move => i. move:DUR_01 =>[v0 v1]. elim: i {-2} i (leqnn i); first by move => i; rewrite leqn0 => /eqP -> //. move => n Hrec n1; rewrite leq_eqVlt; case/orP=> [|Hn]; last first. by apply: Hrec; rewrite -ltnS. move/eqP ->; clear n1. case: (ltngtP (v n.+1)(fib n.+3)) => // lt1. case: (odd_dichot n.+1); set k := (n.+1)./2 => nv. move: nv => /eqP;rewrite eqSS => /eqP nv; case: (Hb k). by rewrite - nv; move => i /ltnW /Hrec. by right; rewrite - nv; split => //; apply: Hrec. have nv2: n = (k.-1).*2.+1. by move: nv; case:k => // k /= /eqP; rewrite doubleS eqSS => /eqP. case: (Hc k.-1). by move => i; rewrite -nv2 => /ltnW/Hrec. by right; rewrite - nv2; split => //; apply: Hrec. move: lt1;case: (ltngtP (fib n.+3) (v n.+1)) => // lt2 _. move:(fib_sum_alt n.+1); rewrite - Zeckv_rev; set l := rev (iota 0 n.+1) => xm1. have eq2: Zval_v l = Zeck_val l. rewrite /Zeck_val /Zval_v; apply: eq_big_seq => i il; apply/ Hrec. by move: il; rewrite /l mem_rev mem_iota /= ltnS. set x := (Zval_v l).+1; move: (v_exists x) => [L]. case:L =>[ |a L ss sv]; first by rewrite/Zval_v big_nil /x. have Hi k: (fib k.+4).-2.+2 = fib k.+4. have: fib 3 < fib k.+4 by apply:fib_smonotone_bis. by move/ltnW /subnK; rewrite subn2 addn2. case: (leqP a n) => can. have eq1: Zval_v (a :: L) = Zeck_val (a :: L). rewrite /Zeck_val /Zval_v; apply: eq_big_seq => i il. move:(leq_trans (Ha _ _ _ il (spec_sorted_sorted ss)) can); apply: Hrec. move: (max_rep_bound ss); rewrite - eq1 sv /x eq2 xm1. move /andP => [_]. rewrite - ltnS Hi - fib_pos => /fib_monotone_bis. by rewrite !ltnS ltnNge can. case nl: (n.+1 \in (a::L)). move:(Hj _ _ ss nl) => [w [l1 [sl1 l1v]]]. have eq3: \sum_(j <- l1) v j = Zeck_val l1. rewrite /Zeck_val; apply: eq_big_seq => i. move: sl1; rewrite spec_sorted_rec; case/andP =>[]. case l1 => // b l2 /= pa pb pc; apply: Hrec. apply: (leq_trans (Ha _ _ _ pc (spec_sorted_sorted pb))). by move:pa; rewrite !eqSS; case/orP => /eqP ->. have lta: Zeck_val (n.+1::l1) <= (fib n.+4).-2. move: lt2; rewrite -(ltn_add2r ( Zeck_val l1));rewrite Zeckv_cons => h. rewrite - ltnS;apply: (leq_trans h); rewrite -xm1 - eq2 -eq3 -/x -sv. by rewrite /Zval_v l1v big_cat big_cons/=; apply: leq_addl. move: (max_rep_bound sl1) => /andP [hh _]. by move: (leq_trans hh lta);rewrite - {1} Hi /= ltnn. case nl2: (n.+2 \in (a::L)); last first. move:(negbT nl2); move/negP; case; move: ss can nl; clear. elim: L a n. move => a n;rewrite spec_sorted_rec /= => /andP[la1 _] na. move:(leq_trans na la1); rewrite ltnS leqn0 => nz. by move: la1 na; rewrite (eqP nz) inE; case a => //; case. move => a l Hrec b n; rewrite spec_sorted_rec /= => /andP[ha hb]. rewrite inE leq_eqVlt; case: (n.+1 == b) => //=;rewrite leq_eqVlt !inE. case: (n.+2 == b) => //=; move => nb; apply: Hrec => //. by move: nb; case /orP: ha => /eqP -> // h; apply: ltnW. move: (Hj _ _ ss nl2) => [w [l2 [sa sb]]]. move: nl; rewrite sb; rewrite mem_cat => /norP [_] nl. move: sa sb nl; rewrite spec_sorted_rec; case: l2 => // b l2 /=. rewrite !inE !eqSS => /andP []; case/orP; first by move => -> //=;rewrite orbT. move => /eqP <- => pa pb _. move: (max_rep_bound pa) => /andP [lt1 _]. have pc: \sum_(j <- (n :: l2)) v j = Zeck_val (n :: l2). rewrite /Zeck_val; apply: eq_big_seq => i il; apply: Hrec. exact: (Ha _ _ _ il (spec_sorted_sorted pa)). move: sv; rewrite pb /Zval_v big_cat /= big_cons pc /x eq2 xm1 => sa. move:(leq_addl (\sum_(i <- w) v i) (v n.+2 + Zeck_val (n :: l2))). rewrite sa fibSS fib_pos addSn (fib_pos n.+1) addnS /= -addnS - fib_pos => lt3. move: lt1; rewrite - (leq_add2r (fib n.+2)) => lt4. move:(leq_trans lt3 lt4); rewrite addnC leq_add2l leq_eqVlt. have W: forall k, k.+2 = k -> False by elim => // k H; case. case: eqP; first by rewrite -(Hrec n (leqnn n)) => /DUR_injv // /W. move => _ /= Hx. case: (odd_dichot n.+2); set k := (n.+2)./2 => nv. move: nv => /eqP;rewrite eqSS => /eqP nv; case: (Hb k); rewrite - nv //. by left. move: (Hc k.-1). have <-: n = (k.-1).*2. by move: nv; case:k => // k /= /eqP; rewrite doubleS !eqSS => /eqP. by case => //; left. Qed. End DualUniqueRepresentation. (* -------------------------------------------------------- *) (** The cardinal of the stuff *) Definition seto_to_seq B (l: {set 'I_B.+1}) := [seq (nat_of_ord i) | i <- enum l]. Definition seq_to_seto B l := [set i | i in [seq (inord i : 'I_B.+1) | i <- l]]. Lemma seto_to_seqK B (s: {set 'I_B.+1}) : seq_to_seto B (seto_to_seq s) = s. Proof. rewrite /seq_to_seto/seto_to_seq - map_comp /comp. apply/setP =>i; apply/imsetP/idP. by move => [x /mapP [y ]]; rewrite mem_enum inord_val => ys -> ->. move => h; rewrite - (inord_val i);exists (inord i) => //. by apply: map_f; rewrite mem_enum. Qed. Lemma seq_to_setoK B (l: seq nat): uniq l -> (all (fun z => z < B.+1) l) -> perm_eq (seto_to_seq (seq_to_seto B l)) l. Proof. move => ul /allP bl. rewrite /seq_to_seto/seto_to_seq. apply: uniq_perm_eq => //. rewrite map_inj_uniq; [ apply: enum_uniq | apply: ord_inj]. move => x; apply/mapP/idP. move=> [i]; rewrite mem_enum => /imsetP [j /mapP [k kl ->] ->] ->. by rewrite inordK //; apply: bl. move => xl; exists (inord x); last by rewrite inordK //; apply: bl. by rewrite mem_enum; apply /imsetP; exists (inord x) => //; apply: map_f. Qed. Lemma uniq_seto_to_seq B l: uniq (@seto_to_seq B l). Proof. rewrite map_inj_uniq;[ exact: enum_uniq | exact:ord_inj]. Qed. Lemma Zeckvp_bnd l i: i \in l -> i <= Zeck_valp l. Proof. elim: l i => // [a l Hrec i /=]; rewrite in_cons Zeckvp_cons; case/orP. move /eqP => ->; case: a => // a. apply: (leq_trans ((fib_gen a.+1))); apply: leq_addr. move/Hrec/leq_trans => -> //; exact:leq_addl. Qed. Lemma Zeckv_bnd0 l i: i \in l -> fib (i.+2) <= Zeck_val l. Proof. elim: l i => // [a l Hrec i /=]; rewrite in_cons Zeckv_cons; case/orP. move /eqP => ->; case: a => // a; apply: leq_addr. move/Hrec/leq_trans => -> //; exact:leq_addl. Qed. Lemma Zeckv_bnd l i: i \in l -> i <= Zeck_val l. Proof. rewrite Zeck_valppE=> /Zeckvp_bnd/leq_trans -> //; exact: leq_addr. Qed. Definition Zeck_sval B (t:{set 'I_B.+1}) := \sum_(i in t) (fib i.+2). Definition Zeck_svalp B (t:{set 'I_B.+1}) := \sum_(i in t) (fib i.+1). Lemma Zeck_val_cv0 B (t:{set 'I_B.+1}) (f:nat->nat): \sum_(i <- (seto_to_seq t)) f i = \sum_(i in t) f i. Proof. transitivity (\sum_(i <- (enum t)) (f i)). rewrite /seto_to_seq /Zeck_val;elim (enum t); first by rewrite ! big_nil. by move => a l h; rewrite map_cons !big_cons h. rewrite -filter_index_enum big_filter_cond. by apply: eq_big =>//x; rewrite andbT. Qed. Lemma Zeck_val_cv1 B (t:{set 'I_B.+1}) : Zeck_val (seto_to_seq t) = Zeck_sval t. Proof. exact: Zeck_val_cv0. Qed. Lemma Zeck_valp_cv1 B (t:{set 'I_B.+1}) : Zeck_valp (seto_to_seq t) = Zeck_svalp t. Proof. exact: Zeck_val_cv0. Qed. Lemma Zeck_val_cv2 l B (n := Zeck_val l): uniq l -> n <= B -> n = Zeck_sval (seq_to_seto B l). Proof. move => sa sb. symmetry;rewrite - Zeck_val_cv1; apply: eq_big_perm; apply:(seq_to_setoK sa). apply /allP => i /Zeckv_bnd lin; rewrite ltnS; apply: (leq_trans lin sb). Qed. Lemma Zeck_valp_cv2 l B (n := Zeck_valp l): uniq l -> n <= B -> n = Zeck_svalp (seq_to_seto B l). Proof. move => sa sb. symmetry;rewrite - Zeck_valp_cv1; apply: eq_big_perm; apply:(seq_to_setoK sa). apply /allP => i /Zeckvp_bnd lin; rewrite ltnS; apply: (leq_trans lin sb). Qed. Definition GRr B n := #|[set t:{set 'I_B.+1} | Zeck_sval t == n ]|. Definition GAr B m n := #|[set t:{set 'I_B.+1} | (Zeck_svalp t == m) && (Zeck_sval t == n) ]|. Definition GR n := GRr n n. Definition GA m n := GAr n m n. Lemma GARr_aux n B (g: ({set 'I_n.+1} -> {set 'I_B.+1}) := (fun t => [set (inord (i:'I_n.+1)) | i in t])): n <= B -> (injective g /\ forall (t:{set 'I_n.+1}) (F: nat -> nat), \sum_(i in t) F i= \sum_(i in (g t)) F i). Proof. rewrite -ltnS => lenB. set f: ('I_n.+1 -> 'I_B.+1) := fun i => inord i. pose Hw x := (inordK (leq_trans (ltn_ord x) lenB)). have Ha: injective f. move => i j; rewrite /f => sa. move:(f_equal (@nat_of_ord B.+1) sa); rewrite (Hw i) (Hw j); apply:ord_inj. split. rewrite /g => x y si; apply /setP => i; apply/idP/idP => ha. have: (f i) \in [set f i | i in x] by apply/imsetP; exists i. by rewrite si => /imsetP [t ty /Ha ->]. have: (f i) \in [set f i | i in y] by apply/imsetP; exists i. by rewrite - si => /imsetP [t ty /Ha ->]. move => t F. rewrite - (Zeck_val_cv0 t) - (Zeck_val_cv0 (g t)). apply: eq_big_perm; apply: uniq_perm_eq. + rewrite map_inj_uniq; [ apply: enum_uniq | apply: ord_inj]. + rewrite map_inj_uniq; [ apply: enum_uniq | apply: ord_inj]. + rewrite /seto_to_seq => i; rewrite /g;apply /mapP/idP. move => [x]; rewrite mem_enum => xt ->. by rewrite -(Hw x) map_f // mem_enum; apply /imsetP; exists x. move/mapP => [j];rewrite mem_enum; move/imsetP => [k kt -> ->]. by apply/mapP; rewrite (Hw k) map_f // mem_enum. Qed. Lemma GRr_big0 A B n: n < fib A.+3 -> A <= B -> GRr A n = GRr B n. Proof. rewrite /GRr => ns lenm. move:(GARr_aux lenm); set g := (fun t:_ => _); move => [Hb Hx]. move:lenm; rewrite - ltnS => lenm. pose Hw x := (inordK (leq_trans (ltn_ord x) lenm)). have Hc: forall t, Zeck_sval t = Zeck_sval (g t). move => t; apply: (Hx t (fun z => (fib z.+2))). set pn := [pred t : {set 'I_A.+1} | Zeck_sval t == n]. rewrite cardsE -(card_imset pn Hb). apply: eq_card => e; rewrite inE; apply/imsetP/idP. by move => [x]; rewrite inE Hc => ww ->. set l :=(seq_to_seto A (seto_to_seq e)) => eq. suff ww : e = g l by exists l => //; rewrite /pn inE Hc - ww. have Hd: forall i, i \in e -> i <= A. move => i ie. rewrite - 3!ltnS; apply:fib_monotone_bis; apply: leq_trans ns. rewrite ltnS -(eqP eq) - Zeck_val_cv1. by apply:Zeckv_bnd0; rewrite /seto_to_seq map_f // mem_enum. rewrite /l /g /seq_to_seto/seto_to_seq - map_comp /comp. apply/setP =>i; apply/idP/imsetP. move => ie; move:(inordK (Hd _ ie)) => sa. rewrite - mem_enum in ie; exists (inord i); last by rewrite sa inord_val. by apply /imsetP; exists (inord i) => //;rewrite (map_f _ ie). move => [j /imsetP [k /mapP [x]]];rewrite mem_enum => H. by move => -> -> -> /=; rewrite inordK ? inord_val // ltnS Hd. Qed. Lemma GAr_big0 A B m n: ((m < fib A.+2) || (n < fib A.+3)) -> A <= B -> GAr A m n = GAr B m n. Proof. rewrite /GRr => ns lenm. move:(GARr_aux lenm); set g := (fun t:_ => _); move => [Hb Hx]. move:lenm; rewrite - ltnS => lenm. have HB0 l i: i \in l -> fib (i.+1) <= Zeck_valp l. elim: l i => // [a l Hrec i /=]; rewrite in_cons Zeckvp_cons; case/orP. move /eqP => ->; case: a => // a; apply: leq_addr. move/Hrec/leq_trans => -> //; exact:leq_addl. pose Hw x := (inordK (leq_trans (ltn_ord x) lenm)). have Hc1: forall t, Zeck_sval t = Zeck_sval (g t). move => t; apply: (Hx t (fun z => (fib z.+2))). have Hc2: forall t, Zeck_svalp t = Zeck_svalp (g t). move => t; apply: (Hx t (fun z => (fib z.+1))). set pn := [pred t : {set 'I_A.+1} | Zeck_svalp t == m & Zeck_sval t == n]. rewrite /GAr cardsE -(card_imset pn Hb). apply: eq_card => e; rewrite inE; apply/imsetP/idP. by move => [x]; rewrite inE Hc1 Hc2 => ww ->. set l :=(seq_to_seto A (seto_to_seq e)) => eqa. move: (eqa) => /andP[/eqP eqb /eqP eqc]. suff ww : e = g l by exists l => //; rewrite /pn inE Hc1 Hc2 - ww. have Hd: forall i, i \in e -> i <= A. move => i ie. have ie': (nat_of_ord i) \in (seto_to_seq e). by rewrite /seto_to_seq map_f // mem_enum. move: (Zeckv_bnd0 ie')(HB0 _ _ ie'). rewrite Zeck_val_cv1 Zeck_valp_cv1 eqb eqc => la lb; case/orP: ns => lc. by move: (leq_ltn_trans lb lc) => /fib_monotone_bis; rewrite !ltnS. by move: (leq_ltn_trans la lc) => /fib_monotone_bis; rewrite !ltnS. rewrite /l /g /seq_to_seto/seto_to_seq - map_comp /comp. apply/setP =>i; apply/idP/imsetP. move => ie; move:(inordK (Hd _ ie)) => sa. rewrite - mem_enum in ie; exists (inord i); last by rewrite sa inord_val. by apply /imsetP; exists (inord i) => //;rewrite (map_f _ ie). move => [j /imsetP [k /mapP [x]]];rewrite mem_enum => H. by move => -> -> -> /=; rewrite inordK ? inord_val // ltnS Hd. Qed. Lemma GRr_big B n: n <= B -> GRr B n = GR n. Proof. rewrite /GR => lnb; symmetry; apply:GRr_big0 => //. by apply: leq_trans (fib_gen n.+2). Qed. Lemma GAr_big B m n: n <= B -> GAr B m n = GA m n. Proof. rewrite /GA => lnb; symmetry; apply:GAr_big0 => //. by rewrite (leq_ltn_trans (leqnSn n)(fib_gen n.+2)) orbT. Qed. Lemma GAr_notz B m n: GAr B m n!= 0 -> m = Zeckp n. Proof. rewrite /GAr cards_eq0 => /set0Pn [x ];rewrite inE => /andP [/eqP pa /eqP pb]. move:(Zeck_val_cv1 x) (Zeck_valp_cv1 x); rewrite - pa - pb => <- <-. symmetry; apply: Zeckp_prop1; apply:uniq_seto_to_seq. Qed. Lemma GARr_e B n: GAr B (Zeckp n) n = GRr B n. Proof. rewrite /GAr/GRr; apply: eq_card => e; apply /idP/idP;rewrite !inE. by move/andP => []. move => /eqP <-; rewrite eqxx andbT - Zeck_val_cv1 - Zeck_valp_cv1. apply/eqP; symmetry; apply: Zeckp_prop1; apply:uniq_seto_to_seq. Qed. Lemma GAR_e n: GA (Zeckp n) n = GR n. Proof. exact:GARr_e. Qed. Lemma GRr_notz B n: fib B.+4 <= n.+1 -> GRr B n = 0. Proof. suff: GRr B n != 0 -> n.+2 <= fib B.+4. by move/contraR; rewrite -leqNgt => h h1; apply/eqP/h. rewrite cards_eq0 => /set0Pn [x ];rewrite inE => /eqP pa. rewrite -pa -(Zeck_val_cv1 x). apply: (Zeckv_bound3 (uniq_seto_to_seq x)). by apply/allP => i /mapP [j _ ->];case:j. Qed. Lemma GRr_b0 B: GRr B 0 = 1. Proof. rewrite /GRr; set E := [set t | _];set v := (@set0 ( (ordinal_finType B.+1))). suff: [set v] = E by move => <-; rewrite cards1. apply/ setP => x; rewrite !inE - Zeck_val_cv1; apply/eqP/eqP => h. by rewrite h /seto_to_seq enum_set0 /= Zeckv_nil. case ee: (x==v); [by apply/eqP |move:(negbT ee) ]. move/set0Pn => [u]; rewrite - mem_enum - (mem_map (@ord_inj B.+1)). move: h; rewrite -/(seto_to_seq _ ); case (seto_to_seq x) => // a l bad. by move: (Zeckv_pos a l); rewrite bad. Qed. Lemma GRr_b1 B: GRr B 1 = 1. Proof. rewrite /GRr; set E := [set t | _];set v := [set (@ord0 B) ]. suff: [set v] = E by move => <-; rewrite cards1. apply/ setP => x; rewrite !inE - Zeck_val_cv1; apply/eqP/eqP => h. by rewrite h /v /seto_to_seq enum_set1 /= Zeckv_cons Zeckv_nil. have eqa: (seto_to_seq x) = [::0]. move: h; case: (seto_to_seq x); first by rewrite Zeckv_nil. move => a l; rewrite Zeckv_cons; case: a. rewrite /fib/= addn0 - {2}(addn0 1) => /eqP; rewrite eqSS; case: l => //. by move => b l /eqP h; move:(Zeckv_pos b l); rewrite h. move => n. move:(leq0n n); rewrite - ltnS => /fib_smonotone_bis => h1 h2. by move: (leq_trans h1 (leq_addr (Zeck_val l) (fib n.+3))); rewrite h2. rewrite - (seto_to_seqK x) eqa /seq_to_seto /v /=. move: (inord_val (@ord0 B)) => /= eqb. apply/setP => i; rewrite inE eqb; apply/imsetP/eqP. by move=> [y ]; rewrite inE => /eqP ea ->. by move => ->; exists ord0. Qed. Lemma GRr_0n n: GRr 0 n = (n<=1). Proof. move: (@GRr_notz 0 n);rewrite !ltnS; case: n; first by rewrite GRr_b0. by case; [ by rewrite GRr_b1 | move => n]; rewrite !ltnS ltn0; apply. Qed. Lemma GRr_Sbn B n : GRr B.+1 n = GRr B n + (GRr B (n- fib(B.+3))) * (fib(B.+3) <= n). Proof. case: (ltnP n (fib B.+3)). by rewrite muln0 addn0 => le1; rewrite - (GRr_big0 le1 (leqnSn B)). set b := (@ord_max B.+1). rewrite muln1 addnC /GRr => eq1. set E := [set t | Zeck_sval t == n]. have hb: forall (p: (pred {set 'I_B.+2})), #|[pred x | x \in p & x \in E]| = #|[set t | (p t) && (Zeck_sval t == n) ]|. by move => p; rewrite cardsE;apply: eq_card => x; rewrite !inE. set p := [pred t:{set 'I_B.+2} | b \in t]. have ha: #|[predI E & p]| = #|[pred x | (mem p) x & (mem E) x]|. by apply: eq_card => x; exact: andbC. move:(GARr_aux (leqnSn B)); set g := (fun t: _ => _); move => [ig aux]. have ig2: forall (t : {set 'I_B.+1}), Zeck_sval t = Zeck_sval (g t). move => t; rewrite/Zeck_sval; apply: (aux t (fun i => fib i.+2)). have gpn: forall x, b \notin (g x). move => x; apply/imsetP => [[w _ eq2]]; have hc:= (ltn_ord w). move:(inordK (leq_trans hc (leqnSn B.+1))); rewrite - eq2. by apply/eqP/negbT; apply:gtn_eqF. rewrite - (cardID p) ha hb hb; congr addn; symmetry;last first. set pn := [pred t : {set 'I_B.+1} | Zeck_sval t == n]. rewrite cardsE -(card_imset pn ig). apply: eq_card => e; rewrite inE; apply/imsetP/idP. move => [x]; rewrite inE ig2 => ww ->;rewrite ww andbT; apply: gpn. move/andP => [hc hd]. have Hd: forall i, i \in e -> i <= B. move => i ie; have:= (ltn_ord i); rewrite ltnS leq_eqVlt; case/orP => // eb. have he: i = b by apply: ord_inj; rewrite (eqP eb) //. by move: hc; rewrite /p he !inE - he ie. set l :=(seq_to_seto B (seto_to_seq e)). suff ww : e = g l by exists l => //; rewrite /pn inE ig2 - ww. rewrite /l /g /seq_to_seto/seto_to_seq - map_comp /comp. apply/setP =>i; apply/idP/imsetP. move => ie; move:(inordK (Hd _ ie)) => sa. rewrite - mem_enum in ie; exists (inord i); last by rewrite sa inord_val. by apply /imsetP; exists (inord i) => //;rewrite (map_f _ ie). move => [j /imsetP [k /mapP [x]]];rewrite mem_enum => H. by move => -> -> -> /=; rewrite inordK ? inord_val // ltnS Hd. set pn := [pred t : {set 'I_B.+1} | Zeck_sval t == n- fib B.+3]. pose g1 t := b |: g t. have hc: forall t, p (g1 t) by move => t; apply/setU11. have ig1: injective g1. move => t1 t2; rewrite /g1 => w; apply: ig. by rewrite - (setU1K (gpn t1)) w (setU1K (gpn t2)). rewrite cardsE -(card_imset pn ig1). have ig2': forall t, fib B.+3 + Zeck_sval t = Zeck_sval (g1 t). by move => t; rewrite ig2 / Zeck_sval /g1 big_setU1. apply: eq_card => e; rewrite inE; apply/imsetP/idP. move => [x]; rewrite inE => /eqP sa sb. by rewrite sb hc - (subnK eq1) - sa addnC ig2' eqxx. move/andP => [hc1 hd2]. set e1 := e :\ b. have Hd: forall i, i \in e1 -> i <= B. move => i /setD1P[ib ie]. have:= (ltn_ord i); rewrite ltnS leq_eqVlt; case/orP => // eb. by case/negP:ib; apply/eqP /ord_inj; rewrite (eqP eb). set l :=(seq_to_seto B (seto_to_seq e1)). suff ww : e = g1 l. exists l => //; rewrite /pn inE. by move: ww; rewrite - (eqP hd2) => ->; rewrite - ig2' addKn. rewrite /l /g1 /seq_to_seto/seto_to_seq - map_comp /comp. rewrite - {1} (setD1K hc1); congr setU. apply/setP =>i; apply/idP/imsetP. move => ie; move:(inordK (Hd _ ie)) => sa. rewrite - mem_enum in ie; exists (inord i); last by rewrite sa inord_val. by apply /imsetP; exists (inord i) => //;rewrite (map_f _ ie). move => [j /imsetP [k /mapP [x]]];rewrite mem_enum => H. by move => -> -> -> /=; rewrite inordK ? inord_val // ltnS Hd. Qed. Lemma GAr_Sbn B m n: GAr B.+1 m n = GAr B m n + (GAr B (m - fib (B.+2)) (n- fib(B.+3))) * (fib(B.+3) <= n) * (fib(B.+2) <= m). Proof. set b := (@ord_max B.+1). case: (ltnP n (fib B.+3)). rewrite muln0 addn0 => le1. have ha: (m < fib B.+2) || (n < fib B.+3) by rewrite le1 orbT. by rewrite -(GAr_big0 ha (leqnSn B)). case: (ltnP m (fib B.+2)). rewrite muln0 addn0 => le1 le2. have ha: (m < fib B.+2) || (n < fib B.+3) by rewrite le1. by rewrite -(GAr_big0 ha (leqnSn B)). rewrite !muln1 addnC /GAr => leqfm leqfn. set E := [set t | _]. have hb: forall (p: (pred {set 'I_B.+2})), #|[pred x | x \in p & x \in E]| = #|[set t | (p t) && ((Zeck_svalp t == m) && (Zeck_sval t == n)) ]|. by move => p; rewrite cardsE;apply: eq_card => x; rewrite !inE. set p := [pred t:{set 'I_B.+2} | b \in t]. have ha: #|[predI E & p]| = #|[pred x | (mem p) x & (mem E) x]|. by apply: eq_card => x; exact: andbC. move:(GARr_aux (leqnSn B)); set g := (fun t: _ => _); move => [ig aux]. have ig2: forall (t : {set 'I_B.+1}), Zeck_sval t = Zeck_sval (g t). move => t; rewrite/Zeck_sval; apply: (aux t (fun i => fib i.+2)). have ig2': forall (t : {set 'I_B.+1}), Zeck_svalp t = Zeck_svalp (g t). move => t; rewrite/Zeck_sval; apply: (aux t (fun i => fib i.+1)). have gpn: forall x, b \notin (g x). move => x; apply/imsetP => [[w _ eq2]]; have hc:= (ltn_ord w). move:(inordK (leq_trans hc (leqnSn B.+1))); rewrite - eq2. by apply/eqP/negbT; apply:gtn_eqF. rewrite - (cardID p) ha hb hb; congr addn; symmetry;last first. set pn := [pred t : {set 'I_B.+1} |(Zeck_svalp t == m) && (Zeck_sval t == n)]. rewrite cardsE -(card_imset pn ig). apply: eq_card => e; rewrite inE; apply/imsetP/idP. move => [x]; rewrite inE ig2 ig2' => ww ->;rewrite ww andbT; apply: gpn. move/andP => [hc hd]. have Hd: forall i, i \in e -> i <= B. move => i ie; have:= (ltn_ord i); rewrite ltnS leq_eqVlt; case/orP => // eb. have he: i = b by apply: ord_inj; rewrite (eqP eb) //. by move: hc; rewrite /p he !inE - he ie. set l :=(seq_to_seto B (seto_to_seq e)). suff ww : e = g l by exists l => //; rewrite /pn inE ig2 ig2' - ww. rewrite /l /g /seq_to_seto/seto_to_seq - map_comp /comp. apply/setP =>i; apply/idP/imsetP. move => ie; move:(inordK (Hd _ ie)) => sa. rewrite - mem_enum in ie; exists (inord i); last by rewrite sa inord_val. by apply /imsetP; exists (inord i) => //;rewrite (map_f _ ie). move => [j /imsetP [k /mapP [x]]];rewrite mem_enum => H. by move => -> -> -> /=; rewrite inordK ? inord_val // ltnS Hd. set pn := [pred t : {set 'I_B.+1} | Zeck_svalp t == m - fib B.+2 & Zeck_sval t == n- fib B.+3]. pose g1 t := b |: g t. have hc: forall t, p (g1 t) by move => t; apply/setU11. have ig1: injective g1. move => t1 t2; rewrite /g1 => w; apply: ig. by rewrite - (setU1K (gpn t1)) w (setU1K (gpn t2)). rewrite cardsE -(card_imset pn ig1). have ig3: forall t, fib B.+3 + Zeck_sval t = Zeck_sval (g1 t). by move => t; rewrite ig2 / Zeck_sval /g1 big_setU1. have ig3': forall t, fib B.+2 + Zeck_svalp t = Zeck_svalp (g1 t). by move => t; rewrite ig2' /Zeck_svalp /g1 big_setU1. apply: eq_card => e; rewrite inE; apply/imsetP/idP. move => [x]; rewrite inE; move => /andP[/eqP sa1 /eqP sa2] sb. rewrite sb hc - (subnK leqfn)- (subnK leqfm) - sa1 - sa2 addnC ig3'. by rewrite addnC ig3 !eqxx. move/and3P => [hc1 /eqP hd2 /eqP hd2']. set e1 := e :\ b. have Hd: forall i, i \in e1 -> i <= B. move => i /setD1P[ib ie]. have:= (ltn_ord i); rewrite ltnS leq_eqVlt; case/orP => // eb. by case/negP:ib; apply/eqP /ord_inj; rewrite (eqP eb). set l :=(seq_to_seto B (seto_to_seq e1)). suff ww : e = g1 l. exists l => //; rewrite /pn inE. by move: ww; rewrite -hd2 - hd2' => ->; rewrite -ig3 - ig3' !addKn !eqxx. rewrite /l /g1 /seq_to_seto/seto_to_seq - map_comp /comp. rewrite - {1} (setD1K hc1); congr setU. apply/setP =>i; apply/idP/imsetP. move => ie; move:(inordK (Hd _ ie)) => sa. rewrite - mem_enum in ie; exists (inord i); last by rewrite sa inord_val. by apply /imsetP; exists (inord i) => //;rewrite (map_f _ ie). move => [j /imsetP [k /mapP [x]]];rewrite mem_enum => H. by move => -> -> -> /=; rewrite inordK ? inord_val // ltnS Hd. Qed. Lemma GR_example: GR 10 = 2. Proof. have Ha n: GRr 1 n = (n <= 3). by rewrite GRr_Sbn !GRr_0n; case:n => [ | [| [ | [ | n]]]]. have ha: GRr 3 2 = 1 by rewrite -(@GRr_big0 1 3 2) // GRr_Sbn ! GRr_0n. rewrite /GR; rewrite -(@GRr_big0 4 10 10) // GRr_Sbn muln1 ha GRr_Sbn muln1. by rewrite (@GRr_notz 2 10) // GRr_Sbn ! Ha. Qed. Lemma FAx_00: GA 0 0 = 1. Proof. by move:(GAR_e 0); rewrite Zeckp_0 /GR GRr_0n. Qed. Lemma FAx_0S n: GA 0 n.+1 = 0. Proof. case w: (GAr n.+1 0 n.+1 == 0); first by rewrite /GA (eqP w). by move: (GAr_notz (negbT w)) => /esym/eqP;rewrite Zeckp_eq0. Qed. Lemma FAx_small m n: n < m -> GA m n = 0. Proof. move => h. case w: (GAr n m n == 0); first by rewrite /GA (eqP w). move: (GAr_notz (negbT w)) => ha. by move: h; rewrite (Zeckp_prop2 n) - ha ltnNge leq_addr. Qed. (* Lemma FA_0S n: FA 0 n.+1 = 0. Lemma FA_small m n: n < m -> FA m n = 0. Lemma FA_gen m n: FA m.+1 (m.+1+n) = FA n m.+1 + FA n m. *) (** ----------- *) (* FA *) Fixpoint FA_rec (m n k:nat) := if k is k'.+1 then if (m==0) then (n==0): nat else if n < m then 0 else FA_rec (n-m) m k' + FA_rec (n - m) (m-1) k' else 0. Definition FA m n := FA_rec m n (m+n).+1. Definition FR n := FA (Zeckp n) n. Lemma FA_00: FA 0 0 = 1. Proof. by []. Qed. Lemma FA_0S n: FA 0 n.+1 = 0. Proof. by []. Qed. Lemma FA_small m n: n < m -> FA m n = 0. Proof. by rewrite /FA;case:m => // m /= ->. Qed. Lemma FA_gen m n: FA m.+1 (m.+1+n) = FA n m.+1 + FA n m. Proof. suff H: forall u v k1 k2, u + v < k1 -> u + v < k2 -> FA_rec u v k1 = FA_rec u v k2. have ha: n + m.+1 < m.+1 + (m.+1 + n). by rewrite addnC ltn_add2l addSn ltnS leq_addl. have hb: n + m.+1 < (n + m.+1).+1 by rewrite ltnSn. have hc: n + m < m.+1 + (m.+1 + n). by rewrite addSn ltnS addnA addnC leq_add2r leq_addr. have hd: n + m < (n + m).+1 by apply: ltnSn. rewrite /FA {1} /FA_rec addKn subn1 succnK ltnNge leq_addr. by rewrite - (H n m.+1 _ _ ha hb) - (H n m _ _ hc hd). move => u v; move: {2 3 4} (u+v) (leqnn (u+v)) => k. clear m n; elim: k u v. move => u v; rewrite leqn0 addn_eq0 => /andP [/eqP -> /eqP ->]. case => // k1; case => //. move => n Hrec u v luv; case => // k1; case => // k2; rewrite !ltnS => la lb. move: luv; case: u => // u; rewrite addSn ltnS /=. case(ltnP v u.+1) => // luv l2. have ha: v - u.+1 + u.+1 <= n by rewrite (subnK luv) (leq_trans _ l2)?leq_addl. have hb: v - u.+1 + (u.+1 - 1) <= n. by apply: leq_trans ha; rewrite leq_add2l leq_subr. by rewrite /= (Hrec _ _ ha k1 k2 la lb) (Hrec _ _ hb k1 k2). Qed. Lemma FA_mm m: FA m.+1 m.+1 = FA 0 m. Proof. by move:(FA_gen m 0); rewrite addn0 FA_0S => ->. Qed. Lemma FA_mm' m: FA m m = ((m <=1):nat). Proof. by case: m => //m; rewrite FA_mm;case m. Qed. Lemma FA_nz m n: FA m n != 0 -> m = Zeckp n. Proof. move: (leq_maxl m n) (leq_maxr m n); set s := (maxn m n). move:s => s; elim: s m n. by move => m n; rewrite !leqn0 => /eqP -> /eqP ->; rewrite Zeckp_0. move => b Hr m n; case: (ltngtP m n); last first. + move => -> _ _; rewrite FA_mm'; case n; first by rewrite Zeckp_0. by move => k; rewrite ltnS leqn0; case: k => //; rewrite Zeckp_1. + by move/FA_small => ->. + move => lemn _; rewrite leq_eqVlt; case/orP=> [|]; last first. by rewrite ltnS => nn; apply: (Hr _ _ (leq_trans (ltnW lemn) nn) nn). move: lemn; case:m; first by move => _ /eqP ->; rewrite FA_0S. move => m lmn /eqP nv. have lta: m.+1 <= b by rewrite - ltnS -nv. have ltc: (n - m.+1) <= b by rewrite -ltnS (subnSK (ltnW lmn)) -nv leq_subr. rewrite - (subnKC (ltnW lmn)) FA_gen addn_eq0 negb_and => /orP; case. by move /(Hr _ _ ltc lta) => ->; rewrite(Zeckp_prop3a m.+1). by move /(Hr _ _ ltc (ltnW lta)) => ->; rewrite (Zeckp_prop4a m.+1). Qed. Lemma FA_prop0 a b: Zeckp b = a.+1 -> FA a b = 0. Proof. move =>eq1; case eq2:(FA a b == 0); first by rewrite (eqP eq2). by move: (FA_nz (negbT eq2)); rewrite eq1 => /n_Sn. Qed. Lemma FA_prop0bis a b: (Zeckp b).+1 = a -> FA a b = 0. Proof. move => eq1; case eq2:(FA a b == 0); first by rewrite (eqP eq2). by move: (n_Sn (Zeckp b)); rewrite eq1 (FA_nz (negbT eq2)). Qed. Lemma FR_0: FR 0 = 1. Proof. by rewrite /FR Zeckp_0 FA_00. Qed. Lemma FR_1: FR 1 = 1. Proof. by rewrite /FR Zeckp_1 FA_mm'. Qed. Lemma FR_rec n (e := Zeckp n): n != 0 -> FR n = FA(n -e) e + FA (n-e) e.-1. Proof. rewrite /FR/e -Zeckp_eq0 - lt0n => /prednK => eq. move: (Zeckp_le n) => [/subnKC sa sb]. by move: (FA_gen (Zeckp n).-1 (n - Zeckp n)); rewrite eq sa. Qed. Lemma Zeckp_prop5 n (e := Zeckp): Zeck_li n.+1 = 0 -> (n == 0) || [&& (Zeck_li n != 0), e (e n.+1) == (e (e n)).+1 & (e (n.+1) == (e n).+1)]. Proof. move: (Zeck_prop1 (n:=n.+1) isT) => [a [l [pa]]]. move: (path_all_llen pa) => ha. have ha': all (leq 1) l by apply/allP => [x /(allP ha)]; case x. rewrite /Zeck_li /e /Zeckp /Zeck_valp rev_cons => pb; rewrite pb. rewrite last_rcons /Zeck_val => sa sb. move: sa; rewrite sb !sum_rcons big_cons !add1n => /eqP. rewrite !eqSS => /eqP sa. have sr: sorted ggen (rev l) by rewrite rev_sorted; exact (path_sorted pa). have eq1 : Zeck n = rev l by rewrite sa -sum_rev; apply:ZeckP. rewrite {1} sa eq1 eqxx sum_rev. case rvz: (l == nil); first by rewrite (eqP rvz) big_nil. have ->: last n (rev l) != 0. by move: ha rvz; case l => // b s; rewrite rev_cons last_rcons /=; case b. rewrite andbT /=;apply/orP; right. move: (seq_prednK ha'). set m := (\sum_(i <- l) fib i.+1); set w := (pred_seq l) => hb. have sa1: sorted ggen (rev w). move: sr; rewrite hb !rev_sorted sorted_llen_succ //. have nv: m = Zeck_val (rev w) by rewrite /m /Zeck_val hb big_map sum_rev. have ->: Zeck m = (rev w) by rewrite nv; apply:ZeckP. have ->: m.+1 = Zeck_val (rcons (rev w) 0) by rewrite /Zeck_val sum_rcons nv. rewrite [X in X == _] (Zeckp_prop1) ? /Zeck_valp ? sum_rcons //. rewrite rcons_uniq (sorted_ggen_uniq sa1) andbT; apply/negP. rewrite mem_rev => /mapP [x /(allP ha)]; case x => // [] [] //. Qed. Lemma FR_prop1 n: Zeck_li n.+1 = 0 -> FR n.+1 = FR (Zeckp n). Proof. case: n; first by rewrite Zeckp_0 FR_1 FR_0. move => n; rewrite FR_rec // => /Zeckp_prop5 /= /and3P [ea /eqP ec /eqP eb]. move:(Zeckp_prop3b ea) => ed. by rewrite {1 3 4} eb subSS -(Zeckp_prop3b ea) -/(FR _) (FA_prop0 ec). Qed. Lemma FR_prop0 n: Zeck_li n != 0 -> FR n = FR (Zeckp n) + FA (Zeckp (Zeckp n)) (Zeckp n).-1. Proof. case h: (n==0); first by rewrite (eqP h) /Zeck_li Zeck_0. by move =>h1;rewrite (FR_rec (negbT h)) -(Zeckp_prop3b h1). Qed. Lemma FR_positive n: 0 < FR n. Proof. elim: n {-2} n (leqnn n). by move => n; rewrite leqn0 => /eqP ->; rewrite FR_0. move => n IH n1; rewrite leq_eqVlt; case/orP=> [|Hn]; last first. by apply: IH; rewrite -ltnS. move => /eqP => ->; case h:(Zeck_li n.+1 == 0). by move: (Zeckp_le n) => [/ IH ha hb]; rewrite (FR_prop1 (eqP h)). move:(FR_prop0 (negbT h)) IH; clear h; case: n; first by rewrite FR_1. move => n -> h; move /leqifP: (Zeckp_le n.+2) => /=; rewrite ltnS => /h lt. by apply: (leq_trans lt); rewrite leq_addr. Qed. Lemma FR_prop3 n: odd (Zeck_li n) -> FR n = FR (Zeckp n). Proof. move => h. have H1: Zeck_li n != 0. by move: h; rewrite/ Zeck_li;case : (last n (Zeck n)). by rewrite (FR_prop0 H1) (Zeckp_prop3b H1) - (Zeckp_prop4b h) FA_prop0bis. Qed. Lemma FR_prop4 m: llen 1 (Zeck_li m) ->FR (Zeckp m).+1 = FR (Zeckp (Zeckp m)). Proof. move => Hm;move: (Hm); rewrite /llen /ggen /= => /Zeck_li_prop2 Hm1. rewrite /= FR_prop1 //; move: Hm Hm1; rewrite /Zeck_li; case: m => // m. move: (Zeck_prop1 (n:=m.+1) isT) => [a [l [pa -> ->]]]. rewrite {1} rev_cons last_rcons => sc sd. have: all (leq 1) (rev (a:: l)) by apply /allP; move => x /(allP sd)/ltnW/ltnW. move /(seq_prednK); set s' := (pred_seq (rev (a :: l))) => sv'. have sv:sorted ggen (rcons s' 0). have aa: (rev (succ_seq (rcons s' 0))) = [:: 1, a & l]. by rewrite /succ_seq map_rcons -/(succ_seq s') - sv' - rev_cons revK. by rewrite -sorted_ggen_succ - rev_sorted aa /=; apply/andP. have eq: (Zeck_valp (a :: l)).+1 = Zeck_val (rcons s' 0). by rewrite /Zeck_valp /Zeck_val sum_rcons - sum_rev sv' big_map. by rewrite (Zeckp_prop1 (sorted_llen_uniq pa)) eq (ZeckP sv) last_rcons. Qed. Lemma FR_fib1 k: FR (fib k.*2.+3) = FR (fib k.*2.+2). Proof. by rewrite FR_prop3 /Zeck_li ?Zeck_fib ?Zeckp_fib //= odd_double. Qed. Lemma FR_fib2 k: FR (fib k.*2.+1) = FR (fib k.*2). Proof. by case k; [rewrite FR_1 FR_0 | apply: FR_fib1 ]. Qed. Lemma FR_fib3 k: FR (fib k).-1 = 1. Proof. have h0:= FR_0; have h1:= FR_1. suff H: forall k, FR (fib k.*2).-1 = 1 /\ FR (fib k.*2.+1).-1 = 1. move: (H k./2) => [sa sb]; rewrite - (odd_double_half k); case (odd k) => //. clear k; case => //;elim => // n []; set k := n.+1 => sa sb. set l := succ_seq [seq i.*2 | i <- iota 0 k]. have eq1: [seq i.*2 | i <- iota 1 k] = [seq i.+1 |i <- l]. by rewrite /l iota_S - !map_comp /comp. have ea: Zeck (Zeck_val l) = rev l. rewrite -{1} (revK l) /Zeck_val sum_rev; apply: ZeckP. by rewrite rev_sorted /l sorted_llen_succ sorted_llen_mkseq_e. have eb : Zeck_val l = (fib (k.+1).*2).-1. by rewrite - fib_sum_odd_alt /Zeck_valp /mkseq map_cons big_cons eq1 big_map. have res1:FR (Zeck_val l) = 1. have ha:odd (Zeck_li (Zeck_val l)). by rewrite /Zeck_li ea /l /succ_seq -map_comp /k /= rev_cons last_rcons. by rewrite (FR_prop3 ha) eb Zeckp_fibc doubleS. split; first by rewrite - eb. set u:= [seq i.+2 | i <- l]. have ec: Zeck (Zeck_val u) = rev u. rewrite -{1} (revK u) /Zeck_val sum_rev /u/l - map_comp /comp - map_rev. apply: ZeckP. rewrite map_rev rev_sorted - map_comp sorted_llen_mkseq //. by move => x; rewrite doubleS /=. have ed: llen 1 (Zeck_li (Zeck_val u)). by rewrite /Zeck_li ec /u /l - !map_comp /comp /k /= rev_cons last_rcons. have ee: Zeckp (Zeck_val u) = Zeck_val (rev ([seq i.+1 | i <- l])). by rewrite /Zeckp ec /Zeck_valp /Zeck_val ! sum_rev /u ! big_map. rewrite - fib_sum_even_alt2 /mkseq map_cons eq1 /Zeck_val big_cons add1n. move: (FR_prop4 ed); rewrite ee /Zeck_val sum_rev - res1 => ->; congr FR. have uu:uniq u. rewrite /u /l - !map_comp /comp map_inj_uniq ?iota_uniq//. by move => x y /= /eqP; rewrite !eqSS eqn_double => /eqP. have au: all (leq 1) u by apply/allP => x /mapP [y yl ->]. move: (Zeckp_prop1_bis au uu). by rewrite /u /Zeck_val /Zeck_valp /Zeck_valpp !big_map. Qed. Definition Zeckpn k n:= iter k Zeckp n. Lemma FR_split n (p := fib (Zeck_li n).+2) (m := n - p): n != 0 -> n = p + m /\ (m = 0 \/ llen (Zeck_li n) (Zeck_li m)). Proof. rewrite /m/p; clear p m. case:n => // n _; move: (Zeck_prop1 (n:=n.+1) isT) => [a [l [pa pb pc]]]. rewrite /Zeck_li pb rev_cons last_rcons pc Zeckv_cons addKn; split => //. move: pa;case l; first by left;rewrite Zeckv_nil. move => u v /= /andP [sa sb]; right. by rewrite /Zeck_val - sum_rev ZeckP ? rev_sorted //= rev_cons last_rcons. Qed. Lemma Zeckp_prop6 n m q (s := pred_seq (Zeck m)): n = m + fib q.+3 -> (m = 0 \/ llen q.+1 (Zeck_li m)) -> [/\ Zeck (Zeckp n) = rcons (Zeck (Zeckp m)) q, (q >0 -> Zeck (Zeckp (Zeckp n)) = rcons (Zeck (Zeckp (Zeckp m))) q.-1), sorted llen (q :: rev s), Zeckp m = Zeck_val (rev s) & Zeckp n = fib q.+2 + Zeckp m]. Proof. move => sa sb; rewrite /s. move:(Zeck_zeck_val m) (Zeck_ggen m) sb; rewrite /Zeck_li. set l := (Zeck m) => qa qb; case => qc. rewrite /l sa qc /= !Zeckp_0 Zeck_0 !Zeckp_fib !Zeck_fib Zeckv_nil. by split => // /prednK {1} <-; rewrite Zeck_fib. have lp0: 1 < last m l by apply: (leq_trans _ qc); rewrite !ltnS leq0n. move:(Zeck_li_prop2 (ltnW lp0)) => lp1. have qd: sorted llen (q.+1 :: rev l). move: qb qc; rewrite - rev_sorted -/llen - qa - {2 3} (revK l). by case: (rev l) => // u v; rewrite rev_cons last_rcons /= => -> ->. move: (seq_prednK lp1); rewrite -/s => eq1. have qg: sorted llen (q :: rev s). by move:qd; rewrite /l eq1 -map_rev -map_cons -/(succ_seq _) sorted_llen_succ. have qg':sorted ggen s by rewrite - rev_sorted; apply: (path_sorted qg). have qe: m = Zeck_val (rev l) by rewrite - qa /Zeck_val sum_rev. have qe': Zeck_valp s = Zeck_valp (rev s) by rewrite /Zeck_valp sum_rev. have eq2: Zeckp m = Zeck_val (rev s). rewrite qe /Zeck_val !sum_rev (Zeckp_prop0 (sorted_ggenW qb)) /l eq1. by rewrite /Zeck_valp big_map. move: (Zeck_split qd (leqnn (fib q.+3))). rewrite - qe addnC - sa Zeckp_fib => eq3. rewrite - eq3 - eq2 qg. have sv: Zeck (Zeckp m) = s by rewrite eq2 /Zeck_val -sum_rev ZeckP revK. have eq4: Zeck (Zeckp n) = rcons s q. move: qg; rewrite - rev_sorted rev_cons revK => /ZeckP <- //. by rewrite eq3 /Zeck_val sum_rcons eq2 /Zeck_val sum_rev. rewrite {3 5} /Zeckp sv eq4 qe'; split => //. have lp2: all [pred z | 0 < z] s. apply /allP => [z /mapP [x /(allP (Zeck_li_prop2 lp0)) /=]]. by case x => // m';rewrite ltnS succnK => h ->. move: (seq_prednK lp2); set s' := [seq i.-1 | i <- s] => sv' qp. move: qg ; rewrite - {1 2} (prednK qp) => qg. have qg'': sorted llen (q.-1 :: rev s'). move: qg; rewrite sv' - map_rev /llen /=. by elim: (rev s') (q.-1) => // u v H b /= /andP[h /H ->];rewrite -ltnS h. have qg''':sorted ggen s' by rewrite - rev_sorted; apply: (path_sorted qg''). rewrite/Zeck_valp sv' - map_rev big_map sum_rev (ZeckP qg''') sum_rcons. by rewrite big_map - (sum_rcons q.-1) ZeckP // - rev_sorted rev_rcons. Qed. Lemma FR_prop5 n: ~~ odd (Zeck_li n) -> (Zeck_li n) != 0 -> FR n = FR (Zeckp n) + FR((Zeckp n).-1) /\ FR (Zeckp n) = FR (Zeckpn 2 n). Proof. pose qk n := fib (Zeck_li n).+2;pose pk n := (n - qk n). move => ha hb. have nz: n != 0 by apply /negP => /eqP nz; move: hb; rewrite nz /Zeck_li Zeck_0. move: (FR_split nz); set m := _ - _; set p := fib _; move => [pb pc]. set k := (Zeck_li n)./2.-1. have pq: (Zeck_li n) = (k.+1).*2. move: hb; rewrite - (odd_double_half (Zeck_li n))(negbTE ha) add0n. by rewrite double_eq0 -lt0n => /prednK => <-. move: pb; rewrite addnC /p pq doubleS => pb; rewrite pq in pc. rewrite (FR_prop0 hb); case: pc => pc. by rewrite pb pc add0n {3} /FR /= !Zeckp_fib FR_fib1 -! doubleS Zeckp_fiba. move: (Zeckp_prop6 pb (or_intror (m = 0) pc)) => [qa _ qc qd qe]. split. rewrite /FR;congr addn; congr FA. have: 0 < fib k.*2.+3 by rewrite fib_gt0. have qx := leqnn (fib (k.+1).*2.+1); have qy:= leq_pred (fib (k.+1).*2.+1). move/prednK => xx; rewrite qe -{2} xx addSn succnK qd. by rewrite (Zeck_split qc qx) (Zeck_split qc qy) Zeckp_fiba doubleS Zeckp_fib. by apply: FR_prop3; rewrite /Zeck_li qa last_rcons /= odd_double. Qed. Lemma FR_fib4 k: FR (fib k.*2) = k.-1.+1. Proof. elim: k => [| k H]; first by rewrite FR_0. have h: Zeck_li (fib (k.+1).*2) = k.*2 by rewrite /Zeck_li doubleS Zeck_fib /=. have ei: ~~ odd (Zeck_li (fib (k.+1).*2)) by rewrite h odd_double. case kz: (k == 0); [by rewrite (eqP kz) FR_1 | move: (negbT kz) => kp]. have mz: Zeck_li (fib (k.+1).*2) != 0 by rewrite h double_eq0 kp. rewrite (proj1 (FR_prop5 ei mz)) doubleS Zeckp_fib FR_fib2 H FR_fib3 addn1. by rewrite /= prednK // lt0n. Qed. Theorem FR_fib k: FR (fib k) = (k./2).-1.+1. Proof. rewrite - {1} (odd_double_half k);case: (odd k). by rewrite FR_fib2 FR_fib4. by rewrite FR_fib4. Qed. Lemma FR_prop6 k m: llen (k.+1).*2 (Zeck_li m) -> FR (fib (k.+1).*2.+1 + Zeckp m).-1 = FR (Zeckpn (k.+1).*2 m). Proof. rewrite (fib_pos) addSn succnK. elim: k m => [m mv | k Hrec m mv]; first by apply:(FR_prop4 (ltnW mv)). have ->: (Zeckpn (k.+2).*2 m) = ((Zeckpn (k.+1).*2 (Zeckp (Zeckp m)))). by elim k => // k1 /= ->. set RHS := RHS. move:(Zeckp_prop6 (erefl ( m + fib (k.+1).*2.+4)) (or_intror (m = 0) mv)). move => [_ _ pc pd _]. rewrite - fib_sum_even_alt2 /mkseq /= /Zeck_val big_cons addSn. set l := pred_seq (Zeck m) ++ rev ([seq i.*2 | i <- iota 1 k.+1]). set x := _ + _; have {x} -> : x = Zeck_val l. by rewrite /x/l pd /Zeck_val big_cat !sum_rev /= addnC. set lp := succ_seq l. have ha: sorted ggen (rcons l 0). have pa3 n a b: (last a [seq i.*2 | i <- iota b n.+1]) = (n + b).*2. by elim: n a b => // n H a b;move: (H 0 b.+1); rewrite addnS addSn. have pa2: sorted llen ((k.+1).*2 :: rev [seq i.-1 | i <- Zeck m]). by move:pc; case: (rev _) => // a s /=/andP[/ltnW /= -> ->]. rewrite /l - rev_sorted rev_rcons rev_cat revK /= cat_path. move:(sorted_llen_mkseq_e 1 k.+1) => /= ->. by move: pa2;case k => // k'; rewrite pa3 addn2. have hb: sorted ggen l. move: ha;rewrite - rev_sorted -(rev_sorted _ l) rev_rcons /=. by move /path_sorted. move:(sorted_ge2_all_ps ha) => [hc hd]. move: (seq_prednK hd); set l' := (pred_seq l) => sv. have hd' : all (leq 1) l'. move: hc; rewrite /l' => h; apply/allP => [x /mapP [y /(allP h) u ->]]. by move: u; case y => //. move: (seq_prednK hd'); set l'' := pred_seq l' => sv'. have he: sorted ggen l' by rewrite - sorted_ggen_succ - sv. have he': sorted ggen l'' by rewrite - sorted_ggen_succ - sv'. have ea: Zeck_val l = Zeck_valp lp by rewrite /Zeck_val /Zeck_valp big_map. have eb: Zeck (Zeck_val lp) = lp by apply: ZeckP; rewrite sorted_ggen_succ. have ec: Zeck (Zeck_val l) = l by apply: ZeckP. have ed: Zeckp (Zeck_val lp) = Zeck_val l by rewrite /Zeckp eb - ea. have ee: Zeck (Zeck_val l') = l' by apply: ZeckP. have ef: (Zeck_valp l) = Zeck_val l'. by rewrite /Zeck_val /Zeck_valp sv big_map. have eg: Zeck (Zeck_valp l) = l' by rewrite ef; apply:ZeckP. have hf: llen 1 (Zeck_li (Zeck_val lp)). rewrite /Zeck_li eb /lp /l /succ_seq map_cat map_rev - ! map_comp /=. by rewrite last_cat rev_cons last_rcons. have eh: Zeck_li (Zeck_valp l) = 1. rewrite /Zeck_li eg /l' /l /pred_seq map_cat map_rev - !map_comp /comp /=. by rewrite last_cat ! rev_cons last_rcons. move: pc pd; set s := rev (pred_seq (Zeck m)) => pc pd. have us:= (uniq_llen pc). have ei: Zeckp (Zeckp m) = Zeck_valp s by rewrite pd; apply: Zeckp_prop1. have sb1: all (leq (k.+1).*2.+3) s. move: pc; elim:(s) => // a L H /=/andP [h1 h2]; rewrite h1 /=; apply:H. by move:h2; case:L => // a' L' /= /andP [/ltnW /(ltn_trans h1) -> ->]. have sb2: all (leq 1) s by apply/allP => [ x /(allP sb1)]; case:x. have sb3: all (leq 2) s by apply/allP => [ x /(allP sb1)]; case:x => //; case. move: (seq_prednK sb2); set s' := (pred_seq s) => s'v. have ek: Zeck (Zeck_valp s) = rev s'. rewrite /Zeck_valp s'v big_map - sum_rev; apply:ZeckP. rewrite rev_sorted - sorted_llen_succ - s'v; exact:(path_sorted pc). have ej: Zeckp (Zeckp (Zeckp m)) = Zeck_valpp s. by rewrite ei Zeckp_prop1_bis. have hi:llen (k.+1).*2 (Zeck_li (Zeckp (Zeckp m))). move: mv sb1;rewrite /Zeck_li ei ek /s' /s -{1} (Zeck_zeck_val m). case: (Zeck m); first by rewrite /= Zeckv_nil //. move => a l1 _; rewrite /pred_seq map_rev revK - map_comp /comp all_rev => w. set y := last a.-2 [seq x.-2 | x <- l1];rewrite /= -/y. have: y\in [seq x.-2 | x <- a::l1] by rewrite /y map_cons; apply:mem_last. move /mapP => [x /(map_f predn) /(allP w) xh ->]. by move: xh; case x => //; case => //. have aa:(Zeck_valp l') = Zeck_valpp l. by rewrite /Zeck_valp /Zeck_valpp sv /succ_seq big_map. have: odd (Zeck_li (Zeck_valp l)) by rewrite eh. rewrite - ed (FR_prop4 hf) ed /Zeckp ec; move /FR_prop3 => ->. rewrite /Zeckp eg aa /Zeck_valpp /l big_cat /= - sum_rev -/s addnC sum_rev. rewrite - map_cons -/(iota 1 k.+1) /RHS - (Hrec _ hi) ej; congr (FR (_ + _)). by rewrite -(fib_sum_even_alt k.+2) /Zeck_valpp /mkseq /= !big_cons /= add0n. Qed. Lemma FR_prop7 n (k :=Zeck_li n) (m := n - fib (k.+2)) : ~~(odd k) -> FR n = FR (Zeckpn k.+1 m) + (k./2) * FR (Zeckpn k m). Proof. rewrite /m/k; clear. case: n; first by rewrite /Zeck_li Zeck_0 /= sub0n Zeckp_0 addn0. move => n sa. set q := (Zeck_li n.+1);move: (FR_split (n:=n.+1) isT) (erefl q). rewrite -/q {6} /q -(odd_double_half q) (negbTE sa) add0n. set k := (q./2); set m := _ - _; move => [->]; case. have hu: forall k, Zeckpn k 0 = 0 by elim => // v /= ->; rewrite Zeckp_0. by move => ->; rewrite !hu FR_0 doubleK addn0 - doubleS FR_fib4 muln1 //. move => su. rewrite half_double; move: k m su; clear; elim. move => m;rewrite /= add1n addn0 => hc mz. set s := (succ_seq (Zeck m)); set n := Zeck_val s. move: (Zeck_ggen m); rewrite -sorted_ggen_succ -/s => /ZeckP ha. have ->: m = Zeckp n. by rewrite /Zeckp ha - (Zeck_zeck_val m) /Zeck_valp /Zeck_val /s !big_map. have hb: Zeck_li n = (Zeck_li m).+1. move: hc;rewrite /Zeck_li ha /s - {1} (Zeck_zeck_val m). by move: mz; case: (Zeck m) => [| u v]; rewrite ? Zeckv_nil //= last_map. have /FR_prop4 //: llen 1 (Zeck_li n) by rewrite hb /= ltnS hc. move => k Hrec m sa sb. set n := (fib (k.+1).*2.+2 + m). have mz: Zeck m != nil. apply /eqP => s. by move: (Zeck_zeck_val m) sa; rewrite /Zeck_li s Zeckv_nil => <- //. have e1: n = m + fib (k.+1).*2.+2 by rewrite addnC. have qa: ~~ odd (Zeck_li n) by rewrite /n sb odd_double. have qb: Zeck_li n != 0 by rewrite /n sb double_eq0. move: (FR_prop5 qa qb) => [qc qd]; rewrite qd in qc. rewrite doubleS in e1. move: (Zeckp_prop6 e1 (or_intror (m = 0) sa)) => [pa pb pc pd pe]. rewrite qc pe (FR_prop6 sa); rewrite mulSnr addnA; congr addn. set s2:= [seq i.-2 | i <- Zeck m]. set s1:= [seq i.-1 | i <- Zeck m]; rewrite -/s1 in pc pd. have qh : (fib k.*2.+2 + Zeckpn 2 m) = Zeckpn 2 n. have qh: fib (k.+1).*2.+1 <= fib k.*2.+3 by rewrite doubleS. by rewrite /Zeckpn /= pe pd (Zeck_split pc qh) doubleS Zeckp_fib. have qf:Zeck_li (fib k.*2.+2 + Zeckpn 2 m) = k.*2. by rewrite qh /= /Zeck_li pb // last_rcons. move:(path_all_llen pc); rewrite all_rev => qe. have qi: Zeck m = [seq i.+2 | i <- s2]. move: qe;rewrite /s1/s2; elim (Zeck m) => // a l H /= /andP [ h /H <-]. by move: h; case a => //; case. move:(path_sorted pc); rewrite rev_sorted => /ZeckP. rewrite - Zeckv_rev -pd => pf. have pg: Zeckp (Zeckp m) = Zeck_val s2. by rewrite {1} /Zeckp pf /Zeck_val /Zeck_valp /s1 qi !big_map. have ph: Zeck (Zeckp (Zeckp m)) = s2. rewrite pg; apply: ZeckP; rewrite -sorted_ggen_succ -sorted_ggen_succ. rewrite /succ_seq - map_comp /comp - qi; apply: Zeck_ggen. have qg: llen k.*2 (Zeck_li (Zeckpn 2 m)). move: qe mz; rewrite /s1 /Zeck_li ph qi /pred_seq -map_comp /comp /=. by case s2 => // a l h _ /=; move/(allP h) :(map_f succn (mem_last a l)). by rewrite -qh (Hrec _ qg qf) /Zeckpn - ! iter_add // !addn2 doubleS. Qed. Theorem FR_prop8 n (k :=Zeck_li n) (m := n - fib (k.+2)) : FR n = FR (Zeckpn k.+1 m) + (k./2) * FR (Zeckpn k m). Proof. case ok: (odd k); last by rewrite (FR_prop7 (negbT ok)). move: (prednK (odd_gt0 ok)) => eq1. have opk: ~~(odd k.-1) by move: ok;rewrite - eq1. case nz: (n ==0); first by move: eq1; rewrite /k (eqP nz) /Zeck_li. move: (Zeck_prop1 (negbT nz)) => [a [l [pa pb pc]]]. have eq2: a = k by rewrite /k /Zeck_li pb rev_cons last_rcons. rewrite eq2 in pa pb pc. have eq3: m = Zeck_val l by rewrite /m pc Zeckv_cons addKn. have: all (leq 1) l by apply/allP => [x /(allP (path_all_llen pa))]; case x. move/seq_prednK; set s := pred_seq l => sv. have pd:= (path_sorted pa). have eq4: Zeck m = rev l. by rewrite eq3 - Zeckv_rev; apply: ZeckP; rewrite rev_sorted. have pe: (Zeck_val l) = 0 \/ llen k.-1.+1 (Zeck_li (Zeck_val l)). move: ok pa;rewrite /Zeck_li - eq3 eq4 {1} eq3; case l => [_ _ | x y]. by left; rewrite Zeckv_nil. by rewrite rev_cons last_rcons /=; case k => // k' _ /andP [ h];right. move: (pc); rewrite Zeckv_cons addnC - eq1 => pc'. move: (Zeckp_prop6 pc' pe); rewrite - eq3; move => [pf _ pg ph pi]. have eq5: (Zeck_li (fib k.-1.+2 + Zeckp m)) = k.-1. by rewrite /Zeck_li -pi pf last_rcons. have opk1: ~~odd (Zeck_li(fib k.-1.+2 + Zeckp m)) by rewrite eq5. rewrite (FR_prop3 ok) pi (FR_prop7 opk1) eq5 addKn. by rewrite /Zeckpn !iterSr (evenE (negbTE opk)) doubleK /= uphalf_double. Qed. Lemma FR_unique n: FR n = 1 -> exists k, n = (fib k.+2).-1. Proof. have H k: FR k = 1 -> ((Zeck_li k)./2) = 0. rewrite {1} FR_prop8. case: (posnP (Zeck_li k)./2) => // ha. set u := Zeckpn _ _; set v := Zeckpn _ _ => eq1. have hb: 0 < (Zeck_li k)./2 * FR v by rewrite muln_gt0 ha (FR_positive v). by move: (leq_add (FR_positive u) hb); rewrite eq1. have H0: exists k, 0 = (fib k.+2).-1 by exists 0. elim: n {-2} (n) (leqnn n); first by move => n; rewrite leqn0 => /eqP ->. move => b Hr n nb fz1. case (posnP n); [by move => -> | move => np]. have H1: forall m, Zeckp m <= m. move => m; rewrite /Zeckp -{2} (Zeck_zeck_val m) /Zeck_val /Zeck_valp. elim: (Zeck m); first by rewrite !big_nil. move => a l HH; rewrite !big_cons leq_add // ? fib_monotone //. have H2: forall n m, Zeckpn n m <= m. elim => // n1 HH m; exact (leq_trans (H1 (Zeckpn n1 m)) (HH m)). have n1b: n.-1 <= b by rewrite - ltnS (prednK np). move: (H _ fz1) => fz2. move: fz1; rewrite FR_prop8 fz2 addn0; set k := Zeck_li n. have nnz: n != 0 by rewrite -lt0n. move:(Zeck_prop1 nnz) => [a[l [pa pb pc]]]. have ak: a = k by rewrite /k /Zeck_li pb rev_cons last_rcons. have: n - fib k.+2 = Zeck_val l by rewrite pc Zeckv_cons ak addKn. have ul := (uniq_llen pa). have lge2: all (leq a.+2) l by apply /allP => [x /(allP(path_all_llen pa))]. have: all (leq 1) l by apply /allP => [x /(allP lge2) ]; case: x. move/ (seq_prednK); set s := (pred_seq l) => sv. have ss: sorted llen s by rewrite - sorted_llen_succ - sv (path_sorted pa). have: (k == 0) || (k == 1) by move: fz2; rewrite -/k; case k => // [] []. case /orP => /eqP kz; rewrite kz. have aa: (Zeckpn 1 (n - fib 2)) <= b. by apply:(leq_trans (H2 1 (n - fib 2))); rewrite subn1. move => eqa /(Hr _ aa) [u]; rewrite /Zeckpn /= eqa => eqb. have: rev (Zeck (Zeckp (Zeck_val l))) = s. rewrite -(revK s) (Zeckp_prop1 ul) sv /Zeck_valp big_map - sum_rev ZeckP //. by rewrite rev_sorted. rewrite eqb -(odd_double_half u); case: (odd u). rewrite add1n - doubleS Zeck_fib1 revK => h. have /(allP lge2) //: 1 \in l by rewrite sv (mem_map succn_inj) - h. rewrite Zeck_fib2 revK => sv2; exists ((u./2)).*2.+1. rewrite pc ak kz sv -sv2 /succ_seq -map_comp /comp -doubleS. by rewrite -fib_sum_even_alt2 /mkseq /= iota_S - !map_comp. have aa: Zeckpn 2 (n - fib 3) <= b. apply:(leq_trans (H2 2 (n - fib 3))); rewrite subn2. exact(leq_trans (leq_pred n.-1) n1b). move => eqa /(Hr _ aa) [u]; rewrite /Zeckpn /= eqa => eqb. have: all (leq 1) s. by apply/allP => [x/mapP [y /(allP lge2) y2] ->];move: y2; case y => // [] []. move/ (seq_prednK); set s' := pred_seq s => sv'. have eq1 :=(Zeckp_prop1 (uniq_llen pa)). have eq2: (Zeck (Zeckp (Zeck_val l))) = rev s. rewrite eq1 sv /Zeck_valp big_map - sum_rev ZeckP //. by rewrite rev_sorted - sorted_llen_succ - sv (path_sorted pa). have : rev (Zeck (Zeckp (Zeckp (Zeck_val l)))) = s'. rewrite -(revK s') {1}/Zeckp eq2 sv' /Zeck_valp sum_rev big_map. by rewrite - sum_rev ZeckP // rev_sorted - sorted_llen_succ - sv'. rewrite eqb -(odd_double_half u); case: (odd u). rewrite add1n - doubleS Zeck_fib1 revK => sv2. have: 2 \in l by rewrite sv sv' /succ_seq -map_comp;apply/map_f; rewrite -sv2. by move/(allP lge2); rewrite ak kz. rewrite Zeck_fib2 revK => sv2; exists ((u./2).+1).*2. rewrite pc - doubleS -fib_sum_odd_alt sv sv' - sv2 ak kz. by rewrite /Zeck_val/Zeck_valp /mkseq/= !iota_S ! big_cons ! big_map succnK. Qed. Lemma Zeck_fib3 k: Zeck (fib (k.+2).*2).-2 = rev(0 :: mkseq (fun i=> i.*2.+3) k). Proof. set s := [seq i.*2.+3 | i <- iota 0 k]. rewrite - (fib_sum_odd_alt) /Zeck_valp /mkseq /= !big_cons /=. transitivity (Zeck (Zeck_val(0:: s))). by rewrite /s /Zeck_val iota_S iota_S !big_map // big_cons big_map. rewrite - Zeckv_rev; apply: ZeckP; rewrite rev_sorted /s/=; case k => // m. have //:(sorted llen [seq i.*2.+3 | i <- iota 0 m.+1]). by apply:sorted_llen_mkseq => u /=; rewrite doubleS !ltnS. Qed. Lemma Zeck_fib4 k: Zeck (fib k.*2.+3).-2 = rev (mkseq (fun i=> i.*2.+2) k). Proof. set s := [seq i.*2.+2 | i <- iota 0 k]. rewrite - doubleS- (fib_sum_even_alt2 k.+1) /Zeck_val /mkseq /= big_cons /=. rewrite iota_S - map_comp /comp /= - /(Zeck_val _) - Zeckv_rev; apply: ZeckP. by rewrite rev_sorted; apply:sorted_llen_mkseq => u /=; rewrite !ltnS. Qed. Lemma FR_fib5 k: FR (fib k.*2.+4).-2 = FR(fib k.*2.+3).-2. Proof. rewrite - !doubleS; move: (Zeck_fib3 k). set n := (fib (k.+2).*2).-2 => zn. set m := Zeck_val (mkseq (fun i : nat => i.*2.+3) k). have eq2: n = m.+1 by rewrite - (Zeck_zeck_val n) zn Zeckv_rev Zeckv_cons. have eq1: (Zeck_li m.+1 = 0) by rewrite /Zeck_li - eq2 zn rev_cons last_rcons. have ul: uniq (mkseq (fun i => i.*2.+3) k). by apply: mkseq_uniq => u v /eqP; rewrite !eqSS eqn_double => /eqP. rewrite eq2 (FR_prop1 eq1) /m (Zeckp_prop1 ul). rewrite - (Zeck_zeck_val ((fib (k.+1).*2.+1).-2)) (Zeck_fib4 k) Zeckv_rev. by rewrite /Zeck_val/Zeck_valp /mkseq !big_map. Qed. Lemma FR_fib6 k: FR (fib (k.+2).*2.+1).-2 = (FR (fib (k.+2).*2).-2).+1. Proof. move: (Zeck_fib4 k.+1); rewrite /mkseq /= iota_S - map_comp /comp. set s := [seq (x.+1).*2.+2 | x <- iota 0 k] => eq1. set m := Zeck_val s. rewrite FR_prop8; set n := (fib (k.+2).*2.+1).-2. rewrite /Zeck_li eq1 rev_cons last_rcons /= mul1n. have ->: (n - fib 0.*2.+4) = m. by rewrite - (Zeck_zeck_val n) /n eq1 Zeckv_rev Zeckv_cons addKn. set s1 := [seq (x.+1).*2.+1 | x <- iota 0 k]. set s2 := [seq (x.+1).*2 | x <- iota 0 k]. have eq2 : s = [seq i.+1 | i <- s1] by rewrite /s /s1 - map_comp. have eq3 : s1 = [seq i.+1 | i <- s2] by rewrite /s1 /s2 - map_comp. have ha: sorted llen s2 by apply:sorted_llen_mkseq => u /=; rewrite !ltnS. have hb: sorted llen s1 by rewrite eq3 sorted_llen_succ. have hc: sorted llen s by rewrite eq2 sorted_llen_succ. have eq4: Zeck m = rev s. by rewrite /m - Zeckv_rev; apply: ZeckP; rewrite rev_sorted. have eq5: Zeckp m = Zeck_val s1. by rewrite /Zeckp eq4 /Zeck_val /Zeck_valp sum_rev eq2 big_map. have eq6: Zeck (Zeckp m) = rev s1. by rewrite eq5 - Zeckv_rev; apply: ZeckP; rewrite rev_sorted. have eq7: Zeckp (Zeckp m) = Zeck_val s2. by rewrite /Zeckp eq6 /Zeck_val /Zeck_valp sum_rev eq3 big_map. have eq8: Zeck (Zeckp (Zeckp m)) = rev s2. by rewrite eq7 - Zeckv_rev; apply: ZeckP; rewrite rev_sorted. have eq9: (Zeck_valp (rev s2)) = (fib (k.+1).*2).-1. rewrite Zeckvp_rev - fib_sum_odd_alt /mkseq /= /s2 Zeckvp_cons /=. rewrite iota_S - map_comp //. have eq10 :(Zeck_val s2) = (fib k.*2.+3).-2. by rewrite - Zeckv_rev - (Zeck_fib4 k) Zeck_zeck_val. by rewrite {1} /Zeckp eq8 eq7 eq9 FR_fib3 eq10 -FR_fib5. Qed. Theorem FR_fib7 k: FR (fib k.+3).-2 = (k.+2)./2. Proof. have H: forall u, FR (fib u.*2.+3).-2 = u.+1. elim; first by rewrite FR_0. by move => n Hr; rewrite - doubleS FR_fib6 // ! doubleS FR_fib5 Hr. rewrite -(odd_double_half k); case: (odd k). by rewrite FR_fib5 H /= uphalf_double. by rewrite H /= doubleK. Qed. Lemma FR_fib_sum1 i k: 2 <= k -> FR(fib (i+ k.+2) + fib k) = (i.+3)./2 + (k./2).-1 * (i.+4)./2. Proof. move => kp. have eq1: k = k.-2.+2 by move: kp; case:k => // [] []. set l := [:: k+i ; k.-2]. have sl: sorted ggen l by rewrite /= - eq1 leq_addr. move: (ZeckP sl); rewrite {1}/l /Zeck_val !big_cons big_nil - eq1 addn0. rewrite (addnC k) - ! addnS; set n:= (fib (i+ k.+2) + fib k) => eq2. rewrite FR_prop8 /Zeck_li eq2 /l /= - eq1 /n addnK. have ->: (Zeckpn k.-2 (fib (i + k.+2))) = fib (i + 4). rewrite {2} eq1 -!addSnnS addn0 addnC; elim: (k.-2) (i.+3) => // h H /= j. by rewrite addSnnS H Zeckp_fib. by rewrite addn4 Zeckp_fib !FR_fib {2} eq1. Qed. Lemma FR_fib_sum2 i j k : 2 <= k -> k.+2 <= j -> j.+2 <= i -> FR(fib i + fib j + fib k) = (i-j+1)./2 + ((j-k-1)./2) * (i-j+2)./2 + (k./2.-1)*( (i-j+1)./2 + (j-k)./2 * (i-j+2)./2). Proof. move => ha hb hc. have eq1: k = k.-2.+2 by move: ha; case k => // [] []. have eq2: j = j.-2.+2 by move: hb; case j => // [] []. have eq3: i = i.-2.+2 by move: hc; case i => // [] []. set l := [:: i.-2; j.-2 ; k.-2]. have sl: sorted ggen l. rewrite /= - eq1 - eq2 - (ltnS j) - (ltnS j.+1) - eq3 hc. by rewrite - (ltnS k) - (ltnS k.+1) - eq2 hb. move: (ZeckP sl); rewrite {1}/l /Zeck_val !big_cons big_nil -eq1 -eq2 -eq3. rewrite addn0 addnA; set n := (fib i + fib j + fib k) => eq4. have eq5: (n - fib k) = fib i + fib j by rewrite /n addnK. rewrite FR_prop8 /Zeck_li eq4 /l /= - eq1 eq5 {5} eq1. rewrite -(subnK hc); set i1 := i - j.+2. rewrite -(subnK hb); set j1 := j - k.+2. rewrite - addSnnS - addSnnS - addSnnS - addSnnS !addnK !addn1 addnA. pose A n := (fib (i1.+2 + j1.+2 + n) + fib (j1.+2 + n)). have Av m: A m = (fib (i1 + (j1.+2 + m).+2) + fib (j1.+2 + m)). by rewrite /A - addnA addSnnS addSnnS. have zl m: Zeck_val [:: (i1.+2 + j1 + m); (j1 + m) ] = A m. by rewrite /Zeck_val !big_cons big_nil addn0 /A !addnS ! addSn. have zl' m: Zeck_valp [:: (i1.+2 + j1 + m.+1); (j1 + m.+1) ] = A m. by rewrite /Zeck_valp !big_cons big_nil addn0 /A !addnS ! addSn. have aux: forall n, Zeckp (A n.+1) = A n. move => m. rewrite - zl Zeckp_prop1 // /= mem_seq1 andbT -addnA. by rewrite - {2} (add0n (j1 + m.+1)) eqn_add2r. have aux2 a b: (Zeckpn a (A (a+b))) = A b. by elim: a b => // a H b /=; rewrite addSnnS H aux. rewrite -/(A _) {2 5} eq1 - addn2 aux2 aux Av Av addn1 FR_fib_sum1 // !addn2. rewrite FR_fib_sum1 // subn1 //. Qed. Lemma FR_fib_sum3 i j : 4 <= j -> j.+2 <= i -> FR(fib i + fib j + 1) = (i-j+1)./2 + (j-3)./2 * (i-j+2)./2. Proof. by move => ha hb; rewrite (FR_fib_sum2 (leqnn 2) ha hb) mul0n addn0 - subnDA. Qed. Lemma FR_fib_sum4 i j : 5 <= j -> j.+2 <= i -> FR(fib i + fib j + 2) = (i-j+1)./2 + (j-4)./2 * (i-j+2)./2. Proof. move => ha hb; have hc:=(subnK (ltn_trans (leqnn 4) ha)). by rewrite (FR_fib_sum2 (leqnSn 2) ha hb) mul0n -subnDA. Qed. Lemma FR_fib_sum5 i: FR(fib (i + 4) + 1) = (i.+3)./2. Proof. by rewrite (FR_fib_sum1 i (leqnn 2)). Qed. Lemma FR_fib_sum6 i: FR(fib (i + 5) + 2) = (i.+3)./2. Proof. by rewrite (FR_fib_sum1 i (leqnSn 2)). Qed. Lemma FR_fib_sum7 i: FR(fib (i + 6) + 3) = (i.+3)./2 + (i.+4)./2. Proof. by rewrite (FR_fib_sum1 i) //= mul1n. Qed. Lemma FR_fib_sum8 i: FR(fib (i + 6) + 4) = (i.+3)./2. Proof. have ha : 5 ->. by rewrite addn0 (addnA i 2 4) addnK addn2 addn1 /=. Qed. Lemma fib_times2 i: (fib i.+2) * 2 = fib i.+3 + fib i. Proof. by rewrite muln2 - addnn {1} fibSS addnAC (addnC (fib i.+1)) - fibSS. Qed. Lemma fib_times3 i: (fib i.+2) * 3 = fib i.+4 + fib i. Proof. rewrite (fibSS i.+2) addnAC (fibSS i.+1). by rewrite addnC -addnA -fibSS addnn -muln2 -mulnS. Qed. Lemma fib_times4 i: (fib i.+2) * 4 = fib i.+4 + fib i.+2 + fib i. Proof. rewrite (fibSS i.+2) - addnA - addnA (addnA (fib i.+2)) addnn. by rewrite (fibSS i.+1) addnACA - fibSS - muln2 - mulnS - mulnSr. Qed. Lemma FR_fib_sum9 i: FR ((fib i.+4) * 2) = ((i./2)*2).+2. Proof. by rewrite fib_times2 (_: i.+1.+4 = 1 + i.+4) // FR_fib_sum1. Qed. Lemma FR_fib_sum10 i: FR ((fib i.+4) * 3) = ((i./2)*3).+2. Proof. by rewrite fib_times3 (_: i.+2.+4 = 2 + i.+4) // FR_fib_sum1. Qed. Lemma FR_fib_sum11 i: FR ((fib i.+4) * 4) = ((i./2)*3).+1. Proof. by rewrite fib_times4 (FR_fib_sum2) // - add2n - (add2n i.+2) !addnK. Qed. Lemma FR_lucas1 n: FR (lucas n.+3) = n./2.*2.+1. Proof. have h: 1 < n +2 by rewrite addn2 !ltnS. by move: (FR_fib_sum1 0 h); rewrite addn2 lucas_fib // muln2 //. Qed. Lemma FR_lucas2 n: FR (lucas n.*2.+3) = n.*2.+1. Proof. by rewrite FR_lucas1 doubleK. Qed. Lemma FR_lucas3 n: FR (lucas n.*2.+4) = n.*2.+1. Proof. by rewrite FR_lucas1 /= uphalf_double. Qed. Lemma FR_lucas4 k j: j.*2.+2 <= k -> 1 <= j -> FR (lucas (j.*2) * (fib k)) = j.*2 + (j.*2.+1)*(k./2-j-1). Proof. move => h h1. rewrite (fib_lucas1 (ltnW(ltnW h))) odd_double. have lt1: 1 < k - j.*2 by rewrite -(subnK h) -(add2n j.*2) addnA addnK addn2. have lt2: j.*2 <= k by apply: leq_trans h; rewrite - addn2 leq_addr. have eb: (j * 4).-2.+2 = j.*2.*2. by rewrite - (prednK h1) mulSnr addn4 /= -addn4 -mulSnr -!muln2 -mulnA. have ea:(k + j.*2) = (j*4).-2 + (k - j.*2).+2. rewrite - addSnnS - addSnnS eb - (addnn j.*2) - addnA subnKC // addnC//. rewrite ea (FR_fib_sum1 _ lt1) eb /= doubleK uphalf_double mulnC. by rewrite -{2}(subnK lt2) halfD odd_double doubleK andbF add0n addnK subn1. Qed.