List of Publications of Zhen LIU
(in reversed chronological order)
Monographs, Books
- [1]
-
P. Chretienne, E. G. Coffman, J. K. Lenstra, Z. Liu, (Eds.)
Scheduling Theory and Its Applications,
J. Wiley, 1995.
- [2]
-
Z. Liu,
Ordonnancement stochastique pour le calcul parallèle.
Thèse d'habilitation à diriger des recherches en sciences,
Univ. Paris-Sud, 7 April 1993.
- [3]
-
Z. Liu,
Modèles d'exécutions parallèles sur des systèmes
multiprocesseurs: analyse et optimisation.
Thèse de nouveau doctorat (Ph.D. dissertation),
University of Paris XI, No. 813, 19 Jan. 1989.
Publications in journals
- [1]
-
G. Koole, Z. Liu, R. Righter,
``Optimal Transmission Policies for Noisy Channels'',
Technical Report WS-515, Faculteit der EXacte Wetenschappen,
Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1999.
to appear in Operations Research.
- [2]
-
A. Hordijk, Z. Liu, D.Towsley,
``Smoothing Effect of the Superposition
of Homogeneous Sources in Tandem Networks'',
to appear in the Journal of the Applied Probability,
Vol. 37, No.3, september 2000.
Preliminary version available as INRIA RR, No. 3839, 1999.
http://www.inria.fr/RRRT/RR-3839.html
- [3]
-
J. Talim, Z. Liu, P. Nain, E. G. Coffman, Jr.,
``Optimizing the Number of Robots for Web Search Engines'',
to appear in Telecommunication Systems.
- [4]
-
E. Altman, Z. Liu, R. Righter,
``Scheduling of Input-Queued Switch to Achieve Maximal Throughput'',
to appear in Probability in the Engineering and
Information Sciences.
- [5]
-
Z. Liu,
``Dynamic Scheduling of Parallel Computations'',
to appear in Theoretical Computer Science.
Preliminary version available as INRIA RR, No. 3048, 1996.
http://www.inria.fr/RRRT/RR-3048.html
- [6]
-
Z. Liu, R. Righter,
``The Impact of Cell Dropping Policies in ATM Networks'',
to appear in Operations Research.
Preliminary version available as INRIA RR, No. 3047, 1996.
http://www.inria.fr/RRRT/RR-3047.html
- [7]
-
Z. Liu, P. Nain, D. Towsley,
``On a Generalization of Kingman's Bounds'',
Mathematical Methods of Operations Research,
Vol. 49, No. 2, pp. 325-333, 1999.
Preliminary version available as INRIA RR, No. 2423, 1994.
http://www.inria.fr/RRRT/RR-2423.html
- [8]
-
Z. Liu, R. Righter,
``Scheduling Multicast Input-Queued ATM Switches'',
Journal of Scheduling, Vol. 2, pp. 99-114, 1999.
- [9]
-
Z. Liu, P. Nain, D. Towsley, Z.-L. Zhang,
``Asymptotic Behavior of a Multiplexer Fed by
a Long-Range Dependent Process'',
Journal of Applied Probability, Vol. 36, No. 1, pp. 105-118,
March 1999.
- [10]
-
Z. Liu, R. Righter,
``Optimal Load Balancing on Distributed Homogeneous
Unreliable Processors'',
Operations Research, Vol. 46, No. 4, pp. 563-573,
August 1998.
Preliminary version available as INRIA RR, No. 2659, 1995.
http://www.inria.fr/RRRT/RR-2659.html
- [11]
-
Z.-L. Zhang, Z. Liu, D. Towsley,
``Closed-Form Deterministic End-to-End Performance Bounds
for the Generalized Processor Sharing Scheduling Discipline'',
Journal of Combinatorial Optimization,
special issue on Scheduling. Vol. 1, No.4, pp. 457-481, 1998.
- [12]
-
Z. Liu,
``Performance Analysis of Stochastic Timed Petri Nets
using Linear Programming Approach'',
IEEE Trans. on Software Engineering,
Vol. 24, No. 11, pp. 1014-1030, November 1998.
Preliminary version available as INRIA RR, No. 2642, 1995.
http://www.inria.fr/RRRT/RR-2642.html
- [13]
-
E. G. Coffman, Z. Liu, R. Weber,
``Optimal Robot Scheduling for Web Search Engines'',
Journal of Scheduling, Vol. 1, pp. 15-29, 1998.
Preliminary version available as INRIA RR, No. 3317, 1997.
http://www.inria.fr/RRRT/RR-3317.html
- [14]
-
A. Jean-Marie, Z. Liu, P. Nain, D. Towsley,
``Computational aspects of the workload distribution in the MMPP/GI/1 queue'',
IEEE Journal on Selected Areas of Communications,
Vol. 16, pp. 640-652, June 1998.
Special issue on computational aspects of teletraffic models.
- [15]
-
Z. Liu,
``Worst-Case Analysis of Scheduling Heuristics of Parallel Systems'',
Parallel Computing, Vol. 24, issue 4-5, pp. 863-891, 1998.
Preliminary version available as INRIA RR, No. 2710, 1995.
http://www.inria.fr/RRRT/RR-2710.html
- [16]
-
A. Jean-Marie, S. Lefebvre-Barbaroux, Z. Liu,
``An Analytical Approach to the Performance Evaluation
of Master-Slave Computational Models'',
Parallel Computing, Vol. 24, issue 4-5, pp. 841-862, 1998.
- [17]
-
G. Koole, Z. Liu,
``Stochastic Bounds for Queueing Systems
with Multiple On-Off Sources'',
Probability in the Engineering and
Information Sciences, Vol. 12, pp. 25-48, Jan. 1998.
- [18]
-
Z. Liu, P. Nain, D. Towsley,
``Exponential Bounds with an Application to Call Admission''
CMPSCI Technical Report 94-63, Univ. Massechusetts, 1994.
Journal of the ACM, Vol. 44, No. 2, 1997.
Preliminary version available as INRIA RR, No. 2865, 1996.
http://www.inria.fr/RRRT/RR-2865.html
- [19]
-
J.-C. Bermond, Z. Liu, M. Syska,
``Mean Eccentricities of de Bruijn Networks'',
Networks, Vol. 30, pp. 187-203, 1997.
Preliminary version available as INRIA RR, No. 2114, 1993.
http://www.inria.fr/RRRT/RR-2114.html
- [20]
-
Y. Dallery, Z. Liu, D. Towsley,
``Properties of Fork/Join Queueing Networks with Blocking under Various
Operating Mechanisms'',
IEEE Trans. on Robotics and Automation,
Vol. 13, No. 4, pp. 503-518, Aug. 1997.
- [21]
-
Z.-L. Zhang, Z. Liu, J. Kurose, D. Towsley,
``Call Admission Control Schemes under the
Generalized Processor Sharing Scheduling Discipline'',
Telecommunication Systems, Vol. 7, No. 1-3, pp. 125-152, July 1997.
Preliminary version available as INRIA RR, No. 2711, 1995.
http://www.inria.fr/RRRT/RR-2711.html
- [22]
-
L. Finta, Z. Liu,
``Complexity of Task Graph Scheduling with Fixed Communication Capacity'',
International Journal of Fondations of Computer Science ,
Vol. 8, No. 1 (1997), pp. 43-66.
Preliminary version available as INRIA RR, No. 2959, 1996.
http://www.inria.fr/RRRT/RR-2959.html
- [23]
-
Z. Liu, E. Sanlaville,
``Stochastic Scheduling with Variable Profile and Precedence Constraints'',
SIAM J. on Computing, Vol. 26, No. 1, pp. 173-187, 1997.
Preliminary version available as INRIA RR, No. 1525, 1991.
http://www.inria.fr/RRRT/RR-1525.html
- [24]
-
Z. Liu, R. Righter,
``Optimal Scheduling on Parallel Processors
under Precedence Constraints for General Costs'',
Probability in the Engineering and
Information Sciences, Vol. 11, pp. 79-93,
Jan. 1997.
- [25]
-
J. Blazewicz, Z. Liu,
``Scheduling Multiprocessor Tasks with Chain Constraints'',
European Journal on Operations Research, Vol. 94, pp. 231-241, 1996.
- [26]
-
L. Finta, Z. Liu,
``Single Machine Scheduling Subject to Precedence Delays'',
Discrete Applied Mathematics , Vol. 70, pp. 247-266, 1996.
Preliminary version available as INRIA RR, No. 2198, 1994.
http://www.inria.fr/RRRT/RR-2198.html
- [27]
-
L. Finta, Z. Liu, I. Milis, E. Bampis,
``Scheduling UET-UCT Series-Parallel Graphs on Two Processors'',
Theoretical Computer Science,
special issue on Parallelism and Irregularly Structured Problems,
Vol. 162, pp. 323-340, July 1996.
Preliminary version available as INRIA RR, No. 2566, 1995.
http://www.inria.fr/RRRT/RR-2566.html
- [28]
-
Z. Liu, T. Y. Sung,
``Routing and Transmitting Problems in de Bruijn Networks'',
IEEE Trans. on Computers , Vol. 45, pp. 1056-1062, Sept. 1996.
- [29]
-
E. Altman, Z. Liu,
``Improving the Stability Characteristics
of Asynchronous Traffic in FDDI Token Ring'',
Performance Evaluation, Vol. 26, pp. 219-234, 1996.
Preliminary version available as INRIA RR, No. 1934, 1993.
http://www.inria.fr/RRRT/RR-1934.html
- [30]
-
Z. Liu, P. Nain, D. Towsley,
``Sample Path Methods in the Control of Queues'',
Queueing Systems, Vol. 21, pp. 293-335,
special issue on Optimal Control in Queueing Systems, 1995.
Preliminary version available as INRIA RR, No. 2457, 1995.
http://www.inria.fr/RRRT/RR-2457.html
- [31]
-
Z. Liu, E. Sanlaville,
``Preemptive Scheduling with Variable Profile, Precedence Constraints
and Due Dates'',
Discrete Applied Mathematics , Vol. 58, pp. 253-280, April 1995.
Preliminary version available as INRIA RR, No. 1622, 1992.
http://www.inria.fr/RRRT/RR-1622.html
- [32]
-
Y. Dallery, Z. Liu, D. Towsley,
``Equivalence, Reversibility and Symmetry Properties in Assembly/Disassembly
Networks'',
Journal of the ACM., Vol. 41, No. 5, pp. 903-942, 1994.
Preliminary version available as INRIA RR, No. 1267, 1990.
http://www.inria.fr/RRRT/RR-1267.html
- [33]
-
Z. Liu, D. Towsley,
``Burst Reduction Properties of Rate-Based Flow Control Schemes:
Downstream Queue Behavior'',
IEEE/ACM Trans. on Networking, Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 82-90, 1995.
Preliminary version available as INRIA RR, No. 2117, 1993.
http://www.inria.fr/RRRT/RR-2117.html
- [34]
-
Z. Liu, D. Towsley,
``Optimality of the Round Robin Routing Policy'',
Journal of the Applied Probability, Vol. 31, pp. 466-475, 1994.
- [35]
-
Z. Liu, D. Towsley,
``Burst Reduction Properties of Rate-Based Flow Control Schemes:
Departure Process'',
Annals of Operations Research,
Special Issue on Methodologies for Performance Analysis
of High Speed Networks,
Vol. 49, pp. 51-78, 1994.
Preliminary version available as INRIA RR, No. 2116, 1993.
http://www.inria.fr/RRRT/RR-2116.html
- [36]
-
Z. Liu, D. Towsley,
``Effects of Service Disciplines in G/G/s Queueing Systems'',
Annals of Operations Research,
Vol. 48, pp. 401-429, 1994.
- [37]
-
Z. Liu, D. Towsley,
``Stochastic Scheduling in In-Forest Networks'',
Advances in Applied Probability, Vol. 26, pp. 222-241, 1994.
Preliminary version available as INRIA RR, No. 1719, 1992.
http://www.inria.fr/RRRT/RR-1719.html
- [38]
-
F. Baccelli, Z. Liu, D. Towsley,
``Extremal Scheduling of Parallel Processing Systems with
and without Real-Time Constraints'',
Journal of the ACM, Vol. 40, pp. 1209-1237, 1993.
Preliminary version available as INRIA RR, No. 1113, 1989.
http://www.inria.fr/RRRT/RR-1113.html
- [39]
-
F. Baccelli, Z. Liu,
``Comparison Properties of Stochastic Decision Free Petri Nets'',
IEEE Trans. on Automatic Control, Vol. 37, pp. 1905-1920, 1992.
Preliminary version available as INRIA RR, No. 1433, 1991.
http://www.inria.fr/RRRT/RR-1433.html
- [40]
-
A. Jean-Marie, Z. Liu,
``Stochastic Comparisons for Queueing Models via Random Sums and Intervals'',
Advances in Applied Probability, Vol. 24, pp. 960-985, 1992.
Preliminary version available as INRIA RR, No. 1422, 1991.
http://www.inria.fr/RRRT/RR-1422.html
- [41]
-
Z. Liu, P. Nain, D. Towsley,
``On Optimal Polling Policies'',
Queueing Systems, Vol. 11, pp. 59-83, 1992.
- [42]
-
E. Altman, P. Konstantopoulos, Z. Liu,
``Stability, Monotonicity and Invariant Quantities
in General Polling Systems'',
Queueing Systems, Vol. 11, pp. 35-57, 1992.
Preliminary version available as INRIA RR, No. 1596, 1992.
http://www.inria.fr/RRRT/RR-1596.html
- [43]
-
Z. Liu, F. Baccelli,
``Generalized Precedence-Based Queueing Networks'',
Mathematics of Operations Research, Vol. 17, pp. 615-639, 1992.
- [44]
-
F. Baccelli, Z. Liu,
``On a Class of Stochastic Recursive Sequences
Arising in Queueing Theory'',
The Annals of Probability, Vol. 20, No. 1, pp. 350-374, 1992.
Preliminary version available as INRIA RR, No. 984, 1989.
http://www.inria.fr/RRRT/RR-984.html
- [45]
-
Z. Liu, P. Nain,
``Optimal Scheduling in Some Multi-Queue Single-Server Systems'',
IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control, Vol. 37, No. 2,
pp. 247-252, 1992.
Preliminary version available as INRIA RR, No. 1147, 1989.
http://www.inria.fr/RRRT/RR-1147.html
- [46]
-
E. G. Coffman, Z. Liu,
``On the Optimal Stochastic Scheduling of Out-Forests'',
Operations Research, Vol. 40, Supp. No. 1, pp. S67-S75, Jan. 1992.
Preliminary version available as INRIA RR, No. 1156, 1990.
http://www.inria.fr/RRRT/RR-1156.html
- [47]
-
Z. Liu, P. Nain,
``Sensitivity Results in Open, Closed, and Mixed Product-Form Queueing
Networks'',
Performance Evaluation, Vol. 13, pp. 237-251, 1991.
Preliminary version available as INRIA RR, No. 1144, 1989.
http://www.inria.fr/RRRT/RR-1144.html
- [48]
-
Z. Liu,
``A Note on Graham's Bound'',
Information Processing Letters, Vol. 36, pp. 1-5, 1990.
- [49]
-
F. Baccelli, Z. Liu,
``On the Executions of Parallel Programs on Multiprocessor
Systems - A Queueing Theory Approach'',
Journal of the ACM, Vol. 37, No. 2, April 1990, pp. 373-414.
Preliminary version available as INRIA RR, No. 833, 1988.
http://www.inria.fr/RRRT/RR-833.html
- [50]
-
F. Baccelli, Z. Liu,
``On the Stability Condition of a Precedence-Based Queueing Discipline'',
Advances in Applied Probability, Vol. 21, pp. 883-898, 1989.
Preliminary version available as INRIA RR, No. 880, 1988.
http://www.inria.fr/RRRT/RR-880.html
Chapters in books
- [1]
-
Z. Liu, N. Niclausse and C. Jalpa-Villanueva,
``Web Server Benchmarking and Web Traffic Modeling'',
In System Performance Evaluation: Methodologies and Applications,
E. Gelenbe (Ed.), CRC Press, 1999.
- [2]
-
Z. Liu,
``Majorization and Stochastic Comparison Techniques
for Scheduling of Parallel Systems'',
in Quantitative Methods in Parallel Systems,
Baccelli et al. (Eds.), Springer, 1995,
pp. 206-219.
- [3]
-
Z. Liu, E. Sanlaville,
``Profile Scheduling by List Algorithms'',
in Scheduling Theory and Its Applications,
P. Chretienne et al. (Eds.), J. Wiley, 1995, pp. 95-114.
- [4]
-
L. Finta, Z. Liu,
``Makespan Minimization of Task Graphs with Random Task Running Times'',
in Interconnection Networks and Mapping and Scheduling
Parallel Computations,
D. F. Hsu et al. (Eds.), AMS, DIMACS Series in
Discrete Mathematics and Theoretical Computer Science,
Vol. 21, pp. 125-138, 1995.
- [5]
-
O.J. Boxma, G.M. Koole, Z. Liu,
``Queueing-Theoretic Solution Methods for Models of Parallel and
Distributed Systems'',
in Performance Evaluation of Parallel and Distributed Systems
- Solution Methods,
O.J. Boxma and G.M. Koole (Eds.),
CWI Tract 105 & 106, pp. 1-24, CWI, Amsterdam, 1994.
- [6]
-
F. Baccelli, A. Jean-Marie, Z. Liu,
``A Survey on Solution Methods for Task Graph Models'',
in Second QMIPS Workshop , Götz, Herzog, Rettelbach
(Eds.), Arbeitsberichte der IMMD , 26 , 14,
Erlangen, March 1993.
- [7]
-
F. Baccelli, A. Jean-Marie, Z. Liu,
``Using Stochastic Recursive Equations as a Tool for
Modeling and Performance Evaluation of Parallel Processing Systems'',
in Second QMIPS Workshop , Götz, Herzog, Rettelbach
(Eds.), Arbeitsberichte der IMMD , 26 , 14,
Erlangen, March 1993.
Papers in proceedings of international conferences
(with program committee)
- [1]
-
Z. Liu, N. Niclausse and C. Jalpa-Villanueva,
``WAGON: A Web Server Benchmarking tool'',
Poster Proceedings of the 8th World Wide Web Conference, Toronto, Canada, May 1999.
- [2]
-
J. Talim, Z. Liu, P. Nain, E. G. Coffman, Jr.,
``Optimizing the Number of Robots for Web Search Engines'',
Proceedings of 7th International Conference on Telecommunication Systems,
pp. 276-288, Nashville (TN), USA, March 1999.
- [3]
-
N. Niclausse, Z. Liu, P. Nain,
``A New Efficient Caching Policy for the World Wide Web'',
Proc. WISP, pp.119-128,
Madison, Wisconsin, June 1998.
- [4]
-
Z. Liu, R. Righter,
``Optimal Parallel Processing of Random Task Graphs'',
Proc. 6-th International Workshop on Project Management and Scheduling,
July 7-9, 1998, Istanbul, Turkey.
- [5]
-
Z. Liu, P. Nain, N. Niclausse, D. Towsley,
``Static Caching of Web Servers'',
Proc. Multimedia Computing and Networking,
San Jose, California, USA, January 1998.
- [6]
-
Z. Liu, P. Nain, D. Towsley,
``Bounds on Finite Horizon QoS Metrics with
Application to Call Admission''
Proc. INFOCOM 96, San Francisco, USA, April 1996.
INRIA RR, No. 2735, 1995.
- [7]
-
G. Koole, Z. Liu,
``Nonconservative Service for Minimizing Cell Loss
in ATM Networks''
Proc. of First Workshop on ATM Traffic Management IFIP, WG.6.2,
Paris, Dec. 1995.
- [8]
-
Z. Liu, P. Nain, D. Towsley,
``Bounds on the Tail Distributions of
Markov-Modulated Stochastic Max-Plus Systems'',
Proc. CDC, New Orleans, USA, Dec. 1995.
- [9]
-
G. Koole, Z. Liu,
``On the Control of Tandems of Queues with Finite Buffers'',
Proc. of Allerton Conference, Allerton, USA, Oct. 1995.
- [10]
-
Z. Liu,
``Performance Bounds for Stochastic Timed Petri Nets'',
In Proc. of 16-th Internation Conference
on Applications and Theory of Petri Nets,
Torino (Italy) 1995.
Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Vol. 935,
G. De Michelis and M. Diaz (Eds.), pp. 316-334, 1995.
- [11]
-
Z. Liu,
``Scheduling of Random Task Graphs on Parallel Processors'',
Proc. of Modeling, Analysis, and Simulation of Computer
and Telecommunication Systems January 1995, Durham (North Carolina), USA.
Eds: P. Dowd and E. Gelenbe, IEEE Computer Society Press.
- [12]
-
Z. Liu, P. Nain, D. Towsley,
``Exponential Bounds for a Class of Stochastic Processes
with Application to Call Admission Control in Networks'',
Proc. CDC, 1994.
- [13]
-
L. Finta, Z. Liu,
``Stochastic Scheduling of Precedence Graphs'',
Proc. 11-th International Conf. on Analysis and Optimization
of Systems, Sophia-Antipolis, June 1994.
- [14]
-
L. Finta, Z. Liu,
``Scheduling of Parallel Programs in Single-Bus Multiprocessor Systems'',
In : Fourth QMIPS Workshop , P.G. Harrison and A.C. de Pinto (eds.),
Research Report Document 94/18, pp. 1-27,
Department of Computing,
Imperial College, April 1994.
- [15]
-
C. Coroyer, Z. Liu,
``Effectiveness of Heuristics and Simulated Annealing for the Scheduling
of Concurrent Tasks - An Empirical Comparison,''
Proc. 5-th International Conference on Parallel Architectures and
Languages Europe (Eds. A. Bode, M. Reeve, G. Wolf),
Munich, Germany, June 1993, Springer, pp. 452-463.
- [16]
-
E. Altman, Z. Liu,
``Improving the Stability Characteristics
of Asynchronous Traffic in FDDI Token Ring'',
Proc. of the
Fifth International Conference on Data Communication Systems and Their
Performance, Raleigh, October 1993.
H. G. Perros, Y. Viniotis (Eds.), North Holand, pp. 441-460.
- [17]
-
Z. Liu, D. Towsley,
``Burst Reduction Properties of the Token Bank in ATM Networks'',
Modeling and Performance Evaluation of ATM Technology,
IFIP Workshop TC6, La Martinique, French Carribean Island, Jan. 1993.
- [18]
-
Z. Liu, E. Sanlaville,
``Stochastically Minimizing the Makespan of Structured Jobs'',
Proc. of the Summer School on Scheduling Theory and Its Applications,
Bonas (Gers), France, Sept. 1992, pp. 166-184.
- [19]
-
Z. Liu, E. Sanlaville,
``Scheduling in Multiprocessor Systems
with Random Execution Time, Precedence Constraints and Variable Profile'',
Proc. of Symposium of Applied Mathematics of Academia Sinica,
Beijing, P. R. China, July 1992.
- [20]
-
Z. Liu, P. Nain,
``Optimal Scheduling in Some Multi-Queue Single-Server Systems'',
Proc. of INFOCOM 90, California, U.S.A., June 1990.
- [21]
-
Z. Liu, P. Mussi,
``Deadlock Free Routing on a Ring-A Performance Evaluation'',
Pittsburgh Conference on Simulation and Modelling, May 1990.
- [22]
-
Z. Liu,
``Optimal Routing in the De Bruijn Networks'',
Tenth International Conference on
Distributed Computing Systems, May 1990, Paris, France, pp. 537-544.
- [23]
-
F. Baccelli, Z. Liu, D. Towsley,
``Optimal Scheduling of Parallel Processing Systems with and without Real-Time
Constraints'',
Proc. of the 27th International Allerton Conference,
Illinois, U.S.A., September 1989.
- [24]
-
F. Baccelli, Z. Liu,
``Maximum Throughput of Parallel Executions'',
Fourth International Symposium
on Computer and Information Sciences, pp. 267-276,
Çesme, Turkey, October 1989.
- [25]
-
F. Baccelli, Z. Liu,
``On the Stability Condition of a Precedence-Based Queueing Discipline'',
Proc. of the 26th International Allerton Conference,
Illinois, U.S.A., September 1988.
- [26]
-
E. Gelenbe, Z. Liu,
``Performance Analysis Approximations
for Parallel Processing in Multiprocessor Systems'',
North-Holland, Eds. Cosnard et al.,
Proc. of IFIP Working Conference
on Parallel Processing, pp.363-375, Pise, Italy, April, 1988.
- [27]
-
Z. Liu, J. Labetoulle,
``A Heuristic Method for Loading and Scheduling Flexible
Manufacturing Systems'',
Proc. of Control 88, London, UK,
IEE Conference Publication No.285, pp.195-200, 1988.
File translated from TEX by TTH, version 2.50.
On 2 Mar 2000, 18:31.